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NUTR 1010 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Vitamin B6, B Vitamins, Folic Acid

104 views5 pages
plumimpala481
8 Mar 2017
School
University of Guelph
Department
Nutrition
Course
NUTR 1010
Professor
Angela Wallace

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Document Summary

What are vitamins: organic molecules that we need to eat for our bodies to function well, we talk about vitamins being either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Critical to cognitive functioning: b1 (thiamin, b2 (riboflavin, b3 (niacin, b5 (pathothenic acid, b6 (pyridoxine, b7 (biotin, b9 (folate or folic acid, b12 (cobalamin) Where can we find them: not just in supplements, grains (b1, b2, b3, b6, vegetables and fruit (b2, b6, folate, milk (b2, b12, meats (b1, b2, b3, b12, folate) Fortification: heath canada regulates which food must be fortified and which nutrients should be added, examples, table salt with iodine, milk with vitamin d, grains with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folic acid. Enrichment of flours in canada: flour, white flour, enriched flour or enriched white flour is enriched with, thiamine (b1, niacin (b3, folic acid (b9, iron. Take a closer look at thiamin (b1) and folate (b9)

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Related Questions

1. Asbestosis is a disease that results in damage to the lungsbecause (there may be more than one answer)

a. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

b. the asbestos gets broken down by the lysosomes

c. the lysosomes that absorb the asbestos release enzymes thatkill the lung tissue cells

d. the lung tissue becomes scarred and can nolonger function tobring oxygen into the blood

2. Which of the phases of cellular respiration breaks down theglucose molecule?

a. glycolysis

b. transition reaction

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport chain

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasmamembrane?

a. allows all substances to enter the cell

b. helps bind cells to eachother so that they can form tissuesand organs

c. allows the cell to recognize other cells

d. allows cells to "talk" to eachother

4. Which of the following mechanisms of transport across thecell requires energy?

a. osmosis

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. active transport

5. Which of the following organelles acts as the "powerhouse" ofthe cell, i.e. it produces the cell's energy.

a. nucleus

b. mitochondria

c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d. rough endoplasmic reticulum

6. Figure 3.9 in your textbook demonstrates what happens to ared blood cell when it is put into varying solutions. The bags inthe beakers represent a single red blood cell.

What happens to a red blood cell when it is put into ahypertonic solution?

a. stays the same and is fully functional

b. shrinks and no longer functions the way it's supposed to

c. gets larger and no longer functions the way it's supposedto

d. the shape stays the same but the red blood cell is no longerfunctional

7. Which of the following real-life situations would result inthe blood (note that this is referring to the liquid part of theblood, not the blood cells - the accurate name for this wouldactually be "blood plasma") becoming too hypotonic?

a. getting stranded in the middle of a dessert and becomingseverely dehydrated

b. drinking gatorade to replenish fluids during a basketballgame

c. drinking too much water so that your body can't get rid ofthe water quickly enough to maintain the appropriate blood plasmatonicity

d. being stranded in the middle of the ocean, drinking the saltyocean water

8. The golgi complex acts as the "UPS" of the cell - itprocesses and packages materials and sends them to theirdestinations.

True

False

9. The lysosome acts as the "stomach" of the cell; it digestsparticles that are no longer needed in the cell or have been takenup into the cell to be broken down.

True

False

10. We need oxygen to survive because oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose to form ATP. When we are deprived of oxygen, our cellssuddenly stop producing ATP and we can only survive for a fewminutes with whatever ATP remains in our cells.

True

False

Phototrophs need an electron source like H2S orH2O. Where do the electrons from these sources go?(Assume the organism is growing autotrophically as well astophototrophically.)

O2 and CO2

O2 only

CO2 only
Sulfate or oxygen
Inorganic various molecules, depending on cellular needs.
2. Which of the following statements about chlorophyll istrue?
It is a good electron acceptor in its oxidized form.
It is a good electron donor in its reduced form when energizedby light.
It contains magnesium.
It is a tetrapyrrole.
All of the above
3. The unifying feature of all photosynthetic organisms isa(n)
electron transfer chain.
electron donating system to generate NADPH.
ATP-generating system.
light-gathering system.
All of the above
4. Evidence suggests that banded iron formations are due to
chemical oxidation of reduced iron, Fe2+.
aerobic reduction of insoluble ferric iron, Fe(OH)3.
anaerobic oxidation of soluble ferrous iron,Fe2+.
Both a and b
Both a and c
5. In addition to their ability to harvest light in the 400 to 500nm range, carotenoids also
eject electrons from the reaction center.
function as a tetrapyrrole.
intercept toxic single-state oxygen.
transfer electrons to ubiquinone.
raise electrons to a higher energy state.
6. Ribosomal RNA and other cell features affirm that living cellsshould be divided into three groups called domains.
True
False
7. Microbes have started to evolve recently.
True
False
8. The ________ was essential for the evolution of oxygenicphotosynthesis.
evolution of cyanobacteria
development of photosystem I
ability to extract electrons from CO2
ability to extract electrons from H2O
ability to use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
9. What do oxygenic phototrophs use as an electron source?
Oxygen
Sulfide
Water
Organic compounds
CO2
10. Three domains of organisms have been established basedprimarily on size and other structural features of the cells.
True
False

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.