MBG 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Sister Chromatids, Spindle Apparatus, Dna Replication

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puceporpoise629

6 Apr 2016

School

University of Guelph

Department

Molecular Biology and Genetics

Course

MBG 1000

Professor

Georgevander Merwe

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Document Summary

Each chromosome consists of 1 chromaid before s phase. One molecule of dna wrapped around a protein scafold = 1 chromaid. Every human somaic cell has 2 copes of 1 chromosome 1 through 22 and xx or xy. Each chromosome consist of 2 geneically idenical sister chromaids ater s phase. In g1 we would be a single chromaid. Each chromosome consist of 2 geneically idenical sister chromaids ater s phase (this is not two chromosomes, this is one chromosome) Ater s phase a somaic cell has 2 copies of chromosome 1, 2, 3 22 and xx and xy and every chromosome consists of two idenical sister chromaids. Ater dna duplicaion, the single gene that was duplicated in g1 now has a sister chromaid. In addiion to genes, chromosomes contain speciic dna sequences that has speciic funcions: centromere. Repeiive dna sequence located within the centromere. Binds to mitoic spindle via kinetochore proteins. Criical for us to separaion of chromosomes.

Related Questions

1- Most of a cell's life is spend in this phase of the cell cycle:

--------------------

2- The cell cycle is a highly regulated process.

True

False

3- Cells replicate their DNA during ________________ phase.

4- In animal cells, ________________________ is the indentation of the cell's surface that marks cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

cleavage furrow

binary fission

cell plate

sister chromatids

5- Somatic ("body") cells are _______________ (2n). This means there are two copies of each chromosome.

6- During the _______ phase(s) cells perform their everyday functions.

7- When chromosomes are duplicated the two strands are called _______________________________ and they are linked together at a point called the ____________________.

sister strands; kinetochore

sister chromatids; centromere

dual chromatids; centromere

genes; chromatid

8- New somatic âbodyâ cells are formed by this process:

meiosis

binary fission

replication

mitosis

9- The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

10- Cells replicate their DNA during ________________ phase.

pucecat917

Which of the following best describes what happens next to the energy from a photon of light after it excites an electron in the pigment molecule of a plant?

a. The excited electron carries the energy to the primary electron acceptor in the reaction center complex

b. the energy is released as heat and the electron drops back down to its ground state

c. the energy is passed to the other electrons in the light-harvesting complex until it reaches the reaction center complex and reduces the primary electron acceptor

d. the energy is released as light and the electron drops back down to its ground state

e. the excited electron carries the energy to the reaction center complex and oxidizes the primary electron acceptor

2. chromosomes are replicated in the _______ of a cell and sister chromatids are separated in the ____

a. nucleus; cytosol

b. nuclear envelope; nucleus

c. nuclear lamina, nucleus

d. cytosol; cytosol

e. centriole; nucleus

3.which of the following accurately describes a difference between sister chromatids and a chromosome?

a. a pair of sister chromatids contain 2 double-stranded molecules of DNA and a chromosome has 4 double-stranded molecules of DNA

b. each sister chromatid has a single strand of DNA and chromosomes have 2

c. sister chromatids have centromeres and a chromosome does not

d. a pair of sister chromatids contain identical genes, and a chromosome does not

e. sister chromatids are produced during M phase and chromosomes are always present in the cell cycle

4. all of the following take place during mitosis except..

a. DNA is proofread for replication errors

b. chromosomes are replicated

c. the mitotic spindle is formed

d. the nuclear envelope breaks down

e. sister chromatids are separated

f. A and B only

g. B and C only

h. C and D only

i. D and E only

M2A1 Worksheet: Mitosis and Meiosis

A dog is a diploid organisms and has 39 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 78), where n = 39 chromosomes from each parent. Use this example to answer the following question regarding chromosomal number.

INTERPHASE

How many chromosomes are present in the somatic cell?

What do they look like?

What are they âdoingâ in G1 of this phase?

What is happening in the S phase?

What is happening in the G2 phase?

What follows G2 phase in a somatic cell?

What follows G2 phase in a gamete cell?

MITOSIS

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in the daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in the daughter cell.

How many daughter cells are produced?

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?

How many cell divisions take place?

In what type of cell does this division occur?

Meiosis 1:

Number of chromosomes in the parent cell.

Number of chromatids in the parent cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis I daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis 1?

Meiosis II:

Number of chromosomes in the âparentâ cell (which is a daughter cell from Meiosis I).

Number of chromatids in the âparentâ cell.

Number of chromosomes in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Number of chromatids in each Meiosis II daughter cell.

Are the daughter cells haploid or diploid at the end of Meiosis II?

Which phase or phases of Meiosis account for the genetic variability among the daughter cells? Howâ¦ what happens in this phase to create the diversity?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosisâ¦..

How many daughter cells result from Mitosis? Are they diploid or haploid?

How many daughter cells result from Meiosis? Are they diploid or Haploid?

Cell structures and function: Match each organelle to its function:

Organelle Function

Lysosome 1. Lipid synthesis

Rough ER 2. Houses DNA

Nucleus 3. Energy extraction

Smooth ER 4. Dismantles debris

Golgi apparatus 5. detoxification

Mitochondria 6. Protein synthesis

Peroxisome 7. Processes secretions

What is the function of checkpoint proteins in the cell cycle?

How can all of a personâs cells contain exactly the same genetic material, yet specialize as bone cells, nerve cells, muscle cells and connective tissues?

What are the 3 primary germ layers?

Briefly, in one or two sentences, distinguish between

a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell

interphase and mitosis

mitosis and apoptosis

an autosome and a sex chromosome

homologous pair of chromosomes and a sister chromatid

centromere and centriole

chromosome and chromatid

monozygotic and dizygotic twins

allele and gene

MBG 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Sister Chromatids, Spindle Apparatus, Dna Replication

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