BCEM 393 Lecture Notes - Van Der Waals Force, Central Dogma Of Molecular Biology, Ionic Bonding
15 May 2018
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Lecture 1
UNIFYING THEMES IN BIOCHEMISTRY
- Millions of biological macromolecules (often polymers) of four types (proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) are each formed from only a few monomers
- Amides link together to make proteins
- Each type of polymer usually has one particular type of linkage (proteins — amides, lipids
— ester, carbohydrates — glycosidic, nucleic acids — phosphodiester)
- The properties of the monomers change in some unique ways when they are linked
together to form a macromolecule
- Biopolymers fold up in 3 dimensions to form their active structures
- The order of the monomers in a polymer is important for native folding and properties
- Noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals
interactions, ionic interactions) are very important in holding together the native folded
structures of biomolecules and in the binding to other molecules
- Native folding is important for function
- Non covalent interactions present between monomers
- In biochemistry, the default solvent is water
- Living cells use many accessory molecules in addition to the 4 types of macromolecules
- Organic and inorganic
- Examples: electron carriers, high energy molecules, signalling molecules, inorganic ions
(H, O, K, Na, P, S, N, Cu, NI, Zn, Fe)
- The central dogma describes biological information transfer: DNA —> RNA —> protein
- DNA —> RNA is done through the process of transcription
- RNA —> protein is done through the process of translation
- Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized
- Membranes define the cell and the compartments
- Membranes are a fluid mosaic of lipids/glycolipids and proteins/glycoproteins
- Membrane proteins function in transport, energy processing, and recognition
- Question: List 3 more things you know about the structure of biological membranes
- Hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior
- Fatty acid conformations
- Compromised of integral membrane proteins
- Fluid mosaic membrane
- Enzymes are required for (almost) every reaction which occurs in a living organism
- Every reaction goes downhill in free energy (delta G°)
- Enzymes decrease the activation energy of reactions
- The metabolic pathways found in different organisms are similar
- All use ATP for energy storage and transfer
- Homologous enzymes with similar mechanisms
- Metabolic pathways and intermediates (eg. pyruvate) are the same (or similar)
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Document Summary
Millions of biological macromolecules (often polymers) of four types (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) are each formed from only a few monomers. Each type of polymer usually has one particular type of linkage (proteins amides, lipids. Ester, carbohydrates glycosidic, nucleic acids phosphodiester) The properties of the monomers change in some unique ways when they are linked together to form a macromolecule. Biopolymers fold up in 3 dimensions to form their active structures. The order of the monomers in a polymer is important for native folding and properties. Noncovalent interactions (hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interactions, ionic interactions) are very important in holding together the native folded structures of biomolecules and in the binding to other molecules. In biochemistry, the default solvent is water. Living cells use many accessory molecules in addition to the 4 types of macromolecules.
