BIOL 1051H Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Lingual Lipase, Gastric Acid, Gastric Glands
![](https://new-preview-html.oneclass.com/rwz4BW6gGqbajYlpnDa4mvLP3edVpolX/bg1.png)
Digestion and Metabolism
Stages of Digestion
1. Ingestion: selective intake of food
2. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body
3. Absorption: uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract
and then into the blood and lymph
4. Compaction: absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces
5. Defecation: elimination of feces
Digestion and Absorption
●Salivary and gastric enzymes partially digest protein and lesser amounts of starch and fat
in the stomach
●Most digestion and nearly all absorption occur after the chyme has passed into the small
intestine
Types of Digestive Function
●Mechanical Digestion
○The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
■Cutting and grinding action of the teeth
■Churning action of stomach and small intestines
■Exposes more food surface to digestive enzymes
●Chemical Digestion
○Hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers
■Carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach,
pancreas, and small intestine
○Results
■Polysaccharides → monosaccharides
■Proteins → amino acids
■Fats → monoglycerides and fatty acids
■Nucleic acids → nucleotides
The mouth- First Phase of Ingestion
●Functions
○Ingestion (food intake)
○Taste and other sensory response to food
○Chewing (mastication)
○First phase of chemical digestion (starch)
![](https://new-preview-html.oneclass.com/rwz4BW6gGqbajYlpnDa4mvLP3edVpolX/bg2.png)
●Saliva is mostly water and the following solutes:
○Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins starch digestion in mouth
○Lingual Lipase: enzyme activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is
swallowed
○Mucus: binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing
○Lysozyme: enzyme that kills bacteria
○Immunoglobulin A (lgA): antibody that inhibits bacterial growth
○Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl, phosphate, and bicarbonate
Gastric Gland: Release gastric juice
1. Mucous Cells
○Secrete mucus
2. Regenerative (stem) cells
○Found in base of pit and in neck of gland
○Divide rapidly and produce continual supply of new cells to replace cells that die
3. Parietal cells
○Secrete HCL, intrinsic factor, and a hunger hormone called ghrelin
4. Chief cells
○Most numerous
○Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen (enzymes)
5. Enteroendocrine cells
○Concentrated in lower end of gland
○Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion (ie Gastrin
from G cells)
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)
●Gastric juice has high HCI
○pH as low as 0.8
●Produced by Parietal cells
Pepsin
●Zymogens
○Digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins
■Converted to active enzymes by removing some of their amino acids
●Pepsinogen
○Zymogen secreted by chief cells
■Activated to pepsin by HCI (removes AA)
■Autocatalytic effect
●Pepsin converts more pepsinogen into more pepsin
Document Summary
Salivary and gastric enzymes partially digest protein and lesser amounts of starch and fat in the stomach. Most digestion and nearly all absorption occur after the chyme has passed into the small intestine. The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles. Cutting and grinding action of the teeth. Churning action of stomach and small intestines. Exposes more food surface to digestive enzymes. Hydrolysis reactions that break dietary macromolecules into monomers. Carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Taste and other sensory response to food. Saliva is mostly water and the following solutes: swallowed. Salivary amylase: enzyme that begins starch digestion in mouth. Lingual lipase: enzyme activated by stomach acid and digests fat after food is. Mucus: binds and lubricates a mass of food and aids in swallowing. Immunoglobulin a (lga): antibody that inhibits bacterial growth. Electrolytes: na, k, cl, phosphate, and bicarbonate. Gastric gland: release gastric juice: mucous cells.