PSYC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Diana Baumrind, Observational Learning, Reinforcement
12 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Week 16: Developmental Psychology III: Social Development
Topic 01: Role Models
• Observational learning: our social environments play a big role and how we develop and much
of what we learn about how to exist in our social world is through observing and imitating- these
people are called role models
• Social Brain Hypothesis: Suggests that the reason for the evolutionary growth of the brain is to
provide an advantage to social creatures over others of their species
• What is one of the first ways we learn about appropriate and inappropriate behaviour?
o Caregivers model and teach us
• What is the most effective way of teaching children which behaviours they should choose so
they will behave appropriately in the long run?
o Positive reinforcement (ex. Praise or food treat) for acting appropriately
• Inductive Discipline: Guiding behaviours, introducing appropriate limits, and setting up
reasonable consequences while also explaining why
• Baumrind: Parenting Styles
o Authoritative: Parents are unlikely to use physical discipline and will explain the reasons
behind the rules they lay out. Although authoritative parents set out firm rules and
consistently uphold them, they grant children a high degree of freedom within set
boundaries
▪ Children tend to be socially competent and self-confident, and have the best
overall outcomes. They do well in school, feel good about themselves and
report feeling supported by their parents
o Authoritarian: Parents tend to discipline using threats and punishments and are more
likely to use physical discipline. They praise obedience as a virtue and expect children to
follow rules without explanation
▪ Children may be unhappy and lack social competence. They conform well to
standards and expectations of adults but lack self-confidence. Look for
guidance of authority figures when faced with moral issues, increased anxiety
and aggression
o Permissive: Parents believe children learn best on their own, without structure imposed
on them by adults. They allow children a great deal of freedom in regulating their own
lives and place few demands
▪ Children often have trouble controlling their impulses and acting responsibly.
High self-confidence but do not perform well in school and more likely to
engage in substance abuse
o Rejecting-Neglectful: Parents do not set limits for their children, do not monitor their
activities and may actively discourage them. More engaged in meeting their own needs
than those of their children
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
▪ Children have lower perceptions of themselves and are less competent. May be
antisocial, lack self-regulation and prone to substance abuse. More likely to
internalize problems, leading to depression and social difficulties
•
• To qualify as teaching, the model (or teacher) must engage in the behaviour that provides
benefit to the learner (modelling), must engage in behaviour only in the presence of naïve
individuals, and the learner must observe and improve on the skill being modelled faster than
would have happened otherwise
• How parenting can affect genes:
o Epigenetic changes ex. In rats receiving licking and grooming tend to be most
advantageous nursing styles and these behaviours are passed across generations.
o Differences in the amount of maternal licking/grooming and nursing style changed the
pups’ horoal stress resposes, fear resposie ad adaptailit to e
environments
Topic 02: Attachment
• Imprinting: A rapid form of learning, typically occurring in a restricted time window after birth,
that allows an animal to recognize another animal, person, or thing as an object to be emulated
and followed
• Attachment: A strong emotional connection, such as the bond between a child and caregiver
• Bowlby proposed that the attachment bond is formed in four stages:
o 1. Pre-Attachment: Birth to six weeks- infants remain in close contact with their
caregivers, reliant on them for food, protection and comfort. Infants do not display signs
of distress when left in the care of someone who is not one of the primary caregivers
o 2. Attachment-in-the-Making: Six weeks to 6-8 months- infants begin treating people
differently, with a preference for familiar people. They become nervous around
unfamiliar people, animals or objects
o 3. Clear-Cut Attachment: Six to eight months ending at 18 months- infants seek comfort
from their caregivers. Infants may show separation anxiety, showing extreme stress
when away from their caregivers
o 4. Reciprocal Relationship Phase- 1.5 years to 2 years- infants begin to become
comfortable spending increasing amounts of time away from their caregiver. The
relationship becomes reciprocal, relying on all parties to take on an active role in
maintaining it
• Contact Comfort: The comfort that primate babies derive from close physical contact with
something soft and warm
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
65
PSYC 100 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
65 documents
Document Summary
Inductive discipline: guiding behaviours, introducing appropriate limits, and setting up reasonable consequences while also explaining why: baumrind: parenting styles, authoritative: parents are unlikely to use physical discipline and will explain the reasons behind the rules they lay out. Although authoritative parents set out firm rules and consistently uphold them, they grant children a high degree of freedom within set boundaries: children tend to be socially competent and self-confident, and have the best overall outcomes. They do well in school, feel good about themselves and report feeling supported by their parents: authoritarian: parents tend to discipline using threats and punishments and are more likely to use physical discipline. They praise obedience as a virtue and expect children to follow rules without explanation: children may be unhappy and lack social competence. They conform well to standards and expectations of adults but lack self-confidence.
