PSYC 100 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Autobiographical Memory, Red, Longitudinal Study
12 Jun 2018
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Week 15: Developmental Psychology II: Social Cognitive Development
Topic 01: Self and Identity
• Comparative Perspective: Focuses on non-human animals to better understand the evolution of
behaviour and mental processes
• The Rouge Test:
o Test used to determine development of sense of self by using a dot of red colour (rouge)
on the nose of a child or animal. The test subject is placed in front of a mirror and
observed to see if recognition occurs.
▪ Guided Movements- infants as young as 3 months can begin to make guided
movements with the intention of manipulating objects in some way. As early as
4 months, infants will begin to react differently to images of themselves than to
images of another person.
▪ Mirror fighting- initially treat their own reflections as they would treat an
unfamiliar chimp- vocalizing, threatening it, or inviting to play
▪ After extended exposure, chimps/infants began to inspect their own body
• The development of self continues as language skills increase:
o Children aged 2 can refer to themselves verbally by name or pronoun (me, mine etc.)
o Children aged 3-4 can describe personal characteristics
▪ Phsial, oserale traits hair olour et., their ailities ad preferees I
like to ru, their soial relatioships I hae a sister, and their psychological
states I a happ
▪ Very positive in nature
o Ages 8 and up:
▪ Around 8 years of age, children become more likely to use knowledge about
themselves to evaluate and modify their behaviour
▪ Self-Coept: A idiiduals pereptio of self, including knowledge, feelings
and ideas about oneself
▪ Increased autobiographical memory- memory for specific experiences that
ake up a persos life stor; ifluees deelopet of self-concept
▪ Able to make social comparisons- ealuatio of oes aility and opinions by
comparing oneself with others and consider how they differ
o Adolescence:
▪ In early adolescence, children become quite concerned with how they are
perceived by others
▪ This concern drops off later in adolescence as they gain a stronger and more
coherent concept of who they are as individuals
▪ Imaginary Audience: Adolescent thought process in which they believe they are
constantly on stage and everyone is watching them, attending to their every
move and mistake
• Influences on Self-Concept:
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o Different cultures around the world place higher levels of importance on the individual
(individualist cultures- I a sart ad others i the group olletiist ultures- I a
a rother.
Topic 02: Knowing Others
• Theory of Mind: Expectations concerning how experience affects mental states, especially those
of another. It is a reasoning process that attempts to predict how others might think or behave
based on their motives, needs and goals
• Testing the Theory of Mind in children:
o False-Belief Problems:
▪ ‘esearher shos hild a o of sarties, hild guesses sarties are i the
box. Researcher opens the box to reveal something else ex. Pencils. The
researcher then asks the child what someone else not present in the room
would think was in the box
▪ Four ear olds orretl aser sarties hereas ear olds guess peils
o Displacement test:
▪ Children watch a scene in which a puppet places an object in a cupboard and
then leaves the stage. A second puppet then takes the object from the cupboard
and moves it to a drawer. The first puppet then re-enters the room and the child
is asked where the puppet will look for its object
▪ 3 year olds fail, saying the puppet will look in the drawer
▪ 4 year olds typically answer correctly, the cupboard
• Precursors to the Theory of Mind:
o Intersubjectivity: An understanding between two individuals of the topic they are
discussing
o Infant Habituation: The simplest form of learning in which a given stimulus is presented
repeatedly. The child learns not to respond to an unimportant event that occurs
repeatedly
o Ailit to uderstad others goals- ex. Infants watch an actor with his hands occupied
turn on a light with his forehead. 12 month infants will turn the light on with their head
but 18 month old infants will use their hand-the intended action/goal
o Consistent lies
• Executive Function:
o Includes the capacity to control impulses, plan complex actions, foresee consequences
and use working memory
o Perseveration: Inability to switch strategies as new information is presented; the initial
strategy might work but when a change is called for, the strategy remains the same.
Often occurs in young children and individuals with frontal lobe damage
o In China, skills associated with executive function tend to be encouraged more by
parents and so mature earlier in Chinese Children than in Western children, yet there
are no cultural differences in the age of Theory of Mind development
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Document Summary
Week 15: developmental psychology ii: social cognitive development. In early adolescence, children become quite concerned with how they are perceived by others: this concern drops off later in adolescence as they gain a stronger and more coherent concept of who they are as individuals. Imaginary audience: adolescent thought process in which they believe they are constantly on stage and everyone is watching them, attending to their every. Influences on self-concept: move and mistake: different cultures around the world place higher levels of importance on the individual (individualist cultures- (cid:862)i a(cid:373) s(cid:373)art(cid:863)(cid:895) a(cid:374)d others i(cid:374) the group (cid:894)(cid:272)olle(cid:272)ti(cid:448)ist (cid:272)ultures- (cid:862)i a(cid:373) a (cid:271)rother(cid:863)(cid:895). Topic 02: knowing others: theory of mind: expectations concerning how experience affects mental states, especially those of another. Researcher opens the box to reveal something else ex. A second puppet then takes the object from the cupboard and moves it to a drawer. Intersubjectivity: an understanding between two individuals of the topic they are discussing.
