PSYC 1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Dissociative Disorder, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Episodic Memory
27 Jun 2018
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Module 43. What is memory
Memory: the faculty for recalling past events and past learning, the
persistence of learning information and behavior over time
Encoding: the processing of getting information into our brain.
Storage: the retention (retaining) of encoded information over time
Retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage
Forgetting: is the inability to retrieve a memory
Several models of memory: frameworks in which to view memory
Information processing model: rooted in computer analogy
Three-stage model of memory: to be permanently stored information
and retrievable information must pass through three stages of memory
1. Sensory memory
2. Working memory
3. Long term
Parallel distribution-processing: the theory of memory suggesting that
information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across
entire neural networks
Sensory memory: fleeting sensor information, last few seconds,
unlimited capacity. Hold everything we see, hear, taste, touch and smell
for a few seconds or less
Working memory: temporary store of information in awareness,
remains only as long as it is in use, small capacity, can be mingled with
retrieved long term memory, can be further encoded into long term
memory, hold information for 30 seconds, capacity is 5-9 items
Long term memory: stored permanent memory, which stores
information forever.
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Module 44 How do we encode information into memory
Automatic processing: when you automatically remember
something with no effort. We remember space, location, time and
frequency
Effortful processing: when you have to work to memorize
something. Rehearsal, role, elaborative
sensory memory: memory involving a detailed, brief sensory image or
sound retained for a brief period of time.
Iconic memory: momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli. Lasts a
few tenths of a second
Echoic memory: momentary memory of auditory stimuli. Last 3-4
seconds.
Haptic memory: momentary memory for touch stimuli (Few seconds)
Working memory: a short-term memory store that can hold five to nine
items at once
Rehearsal: conscious repetition of information in an attempt to make
sure the information is encoded.
Long term memory: all of the information we have gathered that is
available for use such as acquired knowledge. Understanding, skills
people we know
Rote versus elaborative rehearsal: rote rehearsal is not as effective as
elaborative rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
-Studied memory experimentally
-Used himself as a subject
-Used nonsense syllables, novels syllable devoid of memory to
study “pure” memory
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Sematic code: cognitive representation of information or an event
based on the meaning of the information.
Spacing effect: distributed practice produced better encoding than
massed practice, better encoding if rehearsal is spaced over time,
Testing effect: repeated resting improves encoding
Serial position effect: when encoding many items in a list, memory is
affected by position in the list.
Serial position effects: when encoding many items in a list memory is
affected by position in the list.
Memory codes: new information is coded and held in short-term
memory in several ways.
-Phonological code, repeats sounds in our mind
-Visual code: hold a visual image in our mind
-Semantic code: consider the meaning of the new information
Factors that improve encoding into long-term memory:
-Organizing information: facilitates encoding of information into
long term memory as well.
1. Schemas: best to consider how new information fits into
organized structures
2. Chunking: methods of organizing many pieces of
information into fewer, manageable units for encoding
3. Mnemonics: aids for improving encoding
-Method of loci: based on visual imagery. Mentally imagine an
item in a familiar location
-Peg- word, peg something to be remembered with a rhyming
word from a well-known sequence, like counting
Web of associations: In the end, new information ends up being stored
among a sea of other memories due to associations
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Document Summary
Memory: the faculty for recalling past events and past learning, the persistence of learning information and behavior over time. Encoding: the processing of getting information into our brain. Storage: the retention (retaining) of encoded information over time. Retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage. Forgetting: is the inability to retrieve a memory. Several models of memory: frameworks in which to view memory. Three-stage model of memory: to be permanently stored information and retrievable information must pass through three stages of memory: sensory memory, working memory, long term. Parallel distribution-processing: the theory of memory suggesting that information is represented in the brain as a pattern of activation across entire neural networks. Sensory memory: fleeting sensor information, last few seconds, unlimited capacity. Hold everything we see, hear, taste, touch and smell for a few seconds or less. Long term memory: stored permanent memory, which stores information forever. Module 44 how do we encode information into memory.
