ECON 2X03 Lecture Notes - Isocost, Production Function, Isoquant

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21 Nov 2012

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If all input prices change by the same factor a, then: the cost of minimizing the input bundle for y units of output does not change. This is because the slope of the isocost line w same, thus, the equation mp. 2: the minimum cost of producing y units of output changes by the same factor a. Suppose that the cost-minimizing quantity of inputs i and j is diminishing (in z positive, and mrts is diminishing positive. If w1 increases to aw decreases and z* substitutes the input that became more costly with the other input. increases. , where a>1 and w2 does not, then z* This is because for new input prices, input z becomes less. Because mrts is diminishing in z and. , that is, input z increases mrts=mp increasing z. Also, if the price w of an input z. 1 the quantity demanded of that input is positive, that is, z then the total costs will increase:

Related Questions

- Essay Question:

Assume a firm uses two inputs in its production process: labour and capital. Using isocost and isoquant analysis, examine the possible effects of an increase in wage on the firmâs

(a) use of labour and capital

(b) long-run total and average costs.

- Problem Question:

a) Derive the cost minimizing input demands and the long-run total cost function for the following production functions assuming input prices w1 and w2:

(i) y = f(x1, x2) = 2x1 + x2

(ii) y = min(x1, 3x2)

b) For each of the production functions above, determine the short-run input demands and short run total cost function when input 2 is limited to x2 = 100 units

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The law of eventually diminishing marginal returns: (Points : 1)

a. states that each and every increase in the amount of the variable factor employed in the production process will yield diminishing marginal returns.
b. is a mathematical theorem that can be logically proved or disproved
c. is the rate at which one input may be substituted for another input in the production process
d. None of the above

The marginal product is defined as: (Points : 1)

a. the ratio of total output to the amount of the variable input used in producing the output
b. the incremental change in total output that can be produced by the use of one more unit of the variable input in the production process
c. the percentage change in output resulting from a given percentage change in the amount of the variable input X employed in the production process with Y
d. None of the above

The rate at which one input X may be substituted for another input Y in a production process, while total output remains constant, is: (Points : 1)

a. the slope of the isoquant curve
b. the marginal rate of technical substitution

c. equal to MPx/MPy

d. all of the above
e. none of the above

Marginal revenue product is: (Points : 1)

a. defined as the amount that an additional unit of the variable input adds to the total revenue
b. equal to the marginal factor cost of the variable factor times the marginal revenue resulting from the increase in output obtained
c. equal to the marginal product of the variable factor times the marginal product resulting from the increase in output obtained
d. a and b
e. a and c

Marginal factor cost is defined as the amount that an additional unit of the variable unit of the variable input adds to ____________. (Points : 1)

a. marginal cost
b. variable cost
c. marginal rate of technical substitution
d. total cost
e. none of the above

In the Cobb-Douglas production function Q=aL^?1.K^?2 ______________. (Points : 1)

a. the marginal product of labor (L) is equal to ?1
b. the average product of labor (L) is equal to ?2
c. if the amount of labor input (L) is increased by 1 percent, then output will increase by ?1 percent
d. a and b
e. a and c

The short-run cost function is: (Points : 1)

a. where all inputs to the production process are available
b. relevant to decisions in which one or more inputs to the production process are fixed
c. not relevant to optimal pricing and production output decision facilities
d. crucial in making optimal investment decisions in new production facilities
e. none of the above

Theoretically, in a long-run cost function: (Points : 1)

a. all inputs are fixed
b. all inputs are considered variable
c. some inputs are always fixed
d. capital and labor are always combined in fixed proportions

A linear total cost function implies that: (Points : 1)

a. marginal costs are constant as output increases
b. average total costs are continually decreasing as output increases
c. a and b
d. none of the above

Multiple Choice:

1. If 8 percent increase in the price of one good results in an increase of 4 percent in the quantity

demanded of another good, then it can be concluded that the two goods are:

a) complements.

b) substitutes.

c) independent.

d) normal.

2. The law of diminishing marginal utility explains why:

a) supply curves are upsloping.

b) demand curves are downsloping.

c) real income of the consumer rises when the price of a commodity falls.

d) substitution effect is always higher than income effect mentioned in c) above.

3. A necessary and sufficient condition for a rational consumer to be in equilibrium or at that position where he

maximizes utility is that the marginal utility:

a) of all products he consumes is zero.

b) of all products he consumes is positive.

c) is the same for all products.

d) per last dollar is the same for products consumed.

4. Diminishing returns are observed in increases of production output by adding a variable input to a fixed of

inputs because:

a) the ability or quality of the variable input added decreases are more is used.

b) the firm must lower the price of its product when it produces more units of output.

c) the per unit cost it must pay for the variable input increases as more of the input is used.

d) as more variable input is used, the amount of fixed input per variable input decreases.

5. A necessary and sufficient condition for a rational consumer to be in equilibrium or at that position where he

maximizes utility as he spends the last dollar of his budget is that the marginal utility:

e) of all products he consumes is zero.

f) of all products he consumes is positive.

g) is the same for all products.

h) per dollar for all products is the same.

6. The short run marginal cost (MC) curve eventually rises because of:

a) diseconomies of scale.

b) decreasing per unit fixed costs.

c) diminishing marginal returns.

d) increasing marginal productivity of the variable input.

7. Other things being equal, if the prices of a firm

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ECON 2X03 Lecture Notes - Isocost, Production Function, Isoquant

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