CHEM 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Drain Cleaner, Window Cleaner, Stoichiometry

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Acids sour-tasting water-soluble high conductivity react with metals (produce h2 gas) react with carbonates (produce co2 gas) Bases bitter-tasting water-soluble high conductivity react with proteins (drain cleaner, soaps, window cleaner) Hcl(aq)+ caco3(aq) cacl2(aq) + h2o(l) + co2(g) Name acetic acid (vinegar) citric acid (fruit) sulfuric acid (batteries) carbonic acid (soft drinks) Acids can be recognized from their formulas as they often begin with hydrogen. Acids are molecular compounds that ionize, producing h+ ions in solution. Bases are generally ionic compounds containing the hydroxide ion. Bases are ionic compounds that dissociate, producing oh-1 ions in solution. Ionization is any process by which a neutral atom or molecule is converted into an ion(s). Strong acids undergo complete ionization in aqueous solution. Solutions of strong acids will have high concentrations of hydrogen ions (h+ (aq)) due to complete ionization. Since hydrogen ions are the reactive component, this makes strong acids more dangerous. Weak acids only undergo partial ionization in aqueous solution.

Related Questions

Balance the following Chemical Equations:

____Fe(s) + ____H₂O(g) Â® ____Fe₃O₄(s) + ____H₂(g)

____C₂H₆(g) + ____O₂(g) Â® ____CO₂(g) + ____H₂O(g)

___ C₆H₁₄ (l) + ___ O₂ (g) Â® ___ CO₂ (g) + ___ H₂O (g)

___ C₃H₈O₃ (l) + ___ O₂ (g) Â® ___ CO₂ (g) + ___ H₂O (l)

___ NaN₃ (s) Â® ___ Na (s) + ___ N₂ (g)

__ C₃H₅N₃O₉ Â® __ CO₂ + ___ N₂ + ___ H₂O + ___ O₂

Write and Balance the equations:

Aqueous calcium hydroxide reacts with aqueous sodium carbonate to produce solid calcium carbonate and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Solid iron reacts with Oxygen gas to form solid Iron (II) oxide

Copper(II) sulfide is oxidized by molecular oxygen to produce gaseous sulfur trioxide and solid copper(II) oxide. The gaseous product then reacts with liquid water to produce liquid hydrogen sulfate as the only product. Write the two equations which represent these reactions.

Indicate what type, or types, of reaction each of the following represents: (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction.)

(A) H₂O(g) + C(s) â¶ CO(g) +H₂(g)

(B) 2KClO₃(s) â¶ 2KCl(s) +3O₂(g)

(D) Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) â¶ PbSO₄(s) + 2HNO₃(aq)

4. Silver can be separated from gold because silver dissolves in nitric acid while gold does not. Is the dissolution of silver in nitric acid an acid-base reaction or an oxidation-reduction reaction? Explain your answer.

5. Determine the oxidation states of the elements in the compounds listed. None of the oxygen-containing compounds are peroxides or superoxides.

(A) H₃PO₄

(B) Al(OH)₃

6. Complete and balance the following acid-base equations:

(A) A solution of HClO₄ is added to a solution of LiOH.

(B) Aqueous H₂SO₄ reacts with NaOH.

7. Write the molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations for the following reactions:

(A) Ca(OH)₂(aq) + HC₂H₃O₂(aq) â¶

(B) H₃PO₄(aq) + CaCl₂(aq) â¶

8. Write the balanced equation, then calculate the number of moles and the mass of Mg required to react with 5.00 g of HCl and produce MgCl₂ and H₂. Ans: 1.67 g Mg

9. H₂ is produced by the reaction of 118.5 mL of a 0.8775-M solution of H₃PO₄ according to the following equation: 2Cr + 2H₃PO₄ â¶ 3H₂ + 2CrPO₄. How many grams of H₂ are produced? Ans: .315 g H₂

10. Automotive air bags inflate when a sample of sodium azide, NaN₃, is very rapidly decomposed.

2NaN₃(s) â¶ 2Na(s) + 3N₂(g)

What mass of sodium azide is required to produce 2.6 ft³ (73.6 L) of nitrogen gas with a density of 1.25 g/L?

Ans: 142 g NaN₃

11. Urea, CO(NH₂)₂, is manufactured on a large scale for use in producing urea-formaldehyde plastics and as a fertilizer. What is the maximum mass of urea that can be manufactured from the CO₂ produced by combustion of 1.00 x 10⁴ grams of CO₂?

CO₂(g) + 2NH₃(g) â¶ CO(NH₂)₂(s) + H₂O(l)

Ans: 1360 g urea

12. What volume o f 0.750 M hydrochloric acid solution can be prepared from the HCl produced by the reaction of 25.0 g of NaCl with excess sulfuric acid? NaCl(s) + H₂SO₄(l) â¶ HCl(g) + NaHSO₄(s)

Ans: .570 L

13. A sample of 0.53 g of carbon dioxide was obtained by heating 1.31 g of calcium carbonate. What is the percent yield for this reaction? CaCO₃(s)â¶CaO(s) + CO₂(s)

Ans: 92.0 %

14. Citric acid, C₆H₈O₇, a component of jams, jellies, and fruity soft drinks, is prepared industrially via fermentation of sucrose by the mold Aspergillus niger. The equation representing this reaction is

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O +3O₂ â¶2C₆H₈O ₇+ 4H₂O

What mass of citric acid is produced from the reaction of 150. grams of sucrose if the yield is 92.30%?

Ans: 155 g

15. The phosphorus pentoxide used to produce phosphoric acid for cola soft drinks is prepared by burning phosphorus in oxygen.

(A) What is the limiting reactant when 0.200 mol of P₄ and 0.200 mol of O₂ react according to P₄+5O₂ â¶ P₄O₁₀?

(B) Calculate the percent yield if 10.0 g of P₄O₁₀ is isolated from the reaction.

Ans: 88.0 %

16. What is the limiting reactant when 1.50 g of lithium and 1.50 g of nitrogen combine to form lithium nitride, a component of advanced batteries, according to the following unbalanced equation? Li + N₂ â¶ Li₃N

Ans: Li

17. What is the concentration of NaCl in a solution if titration of 15.00 mL of the solution with 0.2503 M AgNO₃ requires 20.22 mL of the AgNO₃ solution to reach the end point?

AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) â¶ AgCl(s) +NaNO (aq)

Ans: .3374 M

18. In a common medical laboratory determination of the concentration of free chloride ion in blood serum, a serum sample is titrated with a Hg(NO₃)₂ solution.

2Cl^â(aq) + Hg(NO₃)₂(aq) â¶ 2NO₃^â(aq) + HgCl₂(s)

What is the Cl^â concentration in a 0.25-mL sample of normal serum that requires 1.46 mL of .000825 M Hg(NO₃)₂(aq) to reach the end point?

Ans: 0.009636 M

Observations In columns 3 and 4, record the color and intensity seen. In columns 5 and 6, determine if the substance is an acid or a base, and if the substance is ionic. For the last column, determine which chemical species is acting as an acid or base.

Data Table 1: Acids and Bases Acting in Water
Well	Substance	1drop BTB	Plus 1 drop of substance	Acid or base (Q1)	Ionic? Y/N (Q2)	Species acting as acid or base (Q3)
1	NaHCO3
2	CH3COOH
3	HCL
4	Na2CO3
5	H2SO4
6	CH3COONa
7	NaOH
8	HNO3
9	NaHSO4
10	NH3
11	H3PO4
12	NaH2PO4
13	Na2HPO4
14	Na3PO4
15	NaHSO3

Data Table 2: Following Acid/Base neutralization reactions
Well #	1 Drop of Each	Observation	+2 Drops Acid	Observation	+2 Drops Base	Observation
1	BPB + NaOH		HCl		NaOH
2	BPB + NaOH		H2SO4		NaOH
3	BPB + NaOH		CH3COOH		NaOH
4	BPB + NaOH		H3PO4		NaOH
5	BPB + Ca(OH)2		HCl		Ca(OH)2
6	BPB + Ca(OH)2		H2SO4		Ca(OH)2
7	BPB + Ca(OH)2		CH3COOH		Ca(OH)2
8	BPB + Ca(OH)2		H3PO4		Ca(OH)2
9	BPB + NH3		HCl		NH3
10	BPB + NH3		H2SO4		NH3
11	BPB + NH3		CH3COOH		NH3
12	BPB + NH3		H3PO4		NH3

Please note here if any of the other starting materials is other than a clear, colorless solution.

Data Table 3: Investigating Odor as a Means of Indicating Neutralization.
Substance(s)	Odor
2 Drops of HCl in Well #1
1 Drop of Ammonia on Swab
Swab with Ammonia & HCl

Data Table 4: Investigating Evaporation as a Means of Indicating a Neutralization Reaction.
Reaction Mixture	Observation (When Wet)	Observation (When Dry)
HCl + NaOH
CH3COOH + NH3
HNO3 + NaOH

PART 5: Mini-Experiments

1. Use BTB to classify four household products as acidic or basic. Possible substances to test include home cleaning products, glass cleaner, liquid detergent, bleach, soft drinks, liquid from food items, etc. Remember to:

a. Hypothesis (What you think will happen and why) or purpose:

b. Method used to test your hypothesis:

c. Data and Observations Put your data and observations in the space below. You can include pictures that you âdraw.â

d. Conclusions

2. Find one common, highly colored substance that can be used as an acid-base indicator.

Possible substances include fruit/vegetable juice or products, inks, food coloring, flower

petals, etc. If using fresh fruit, veggies, or flowers, crush the substance with a little water or

rubbing alcohol to extract the colored pigments. If red cabbage is available, it makes a superb

acid-base indicator. Then use a few drops of the colored extract as the indicator. Test four

more household products using the freshly made acid-base indicator. Remember to:

a. State a hypothesis or purpose.

b. State the testing method.

c. Use the prepared indicator to test four substances known to be acids or bases from either the LabPaq or home materials and record results.

d. State conclusions in terms of the hypothesis or purpose.

Questions

A. Review the substances used in Part 1. Determine whether each substance contains an acid or a base based on the BTB results. Place answers to this question in column 6 of Data Table 1.

B. Review the responses to Question 3. The anion that is produced in the dissociation of the compound goes on to react with the water. Identify the anion product in each reaction. Place the formulas for these species into column 7 of Data Table 1. If the substance is not ionic and thus does not dissociate, then list the substance in column 7, just as it appears in column 1.

C. For each ionic species in Data Table 1, write the equation showing the dissociation of the compound in water. Hint: thereâs one for each line provided below.

a. NaHCO3 Ã Na

+ HCO3

Review the responses to Question 3. The anion that is produced in the dissociation of the compound goes on to react with the water. Identify the anion product in each reaction. Place the formulas for these species into column 7 of Data Table 1. If the substance is not ionic and thus does not dissociate, then list the substance in column 7, just as it appears in column 1.

D. Write the reaction of each acid or base the substance listed in column 7 with water.

Acids: Bases:

a) HCO - + H-OH Ã H CO

+ OH-

3 2 3

1. What is produced in each and every reaction of an acid with water?

2. What is produced in each and every reaction of a base with water?

E. Review the results in Data Table 2. For each reaction mixture, write the reaction equation describing the acid/base neutralization reaction:

2) 2NaOH + H2SO4 Ã 2H2O + Na2SO4

F. Define the term âneutralizationâ and provide an example of a neutralization equation. List the three ways used in this lab to detected neutralization.

G. Define the term âsalt,â and provide an example.

H. Review Data Table 3. What happened when the two chemicals were mixed? What indicates that conclusion? What reaction took place?

I. Review Data Table 4. What happened when the solution mixtures on the glass slide were heated? Describe the process that took place.

J. In Part 4, for HCl + NaOH, what is left on the slide after heating? Provide the formula. What is the common name of this substance?

HERE IS HOW THIS IS GOING TO WORK! IF YOU ANSWER THE QUESTIONS IWILL GIVE YOU THE 3K POINTS + MORE AFTER I REPOST IT.

2. The amount of heat involved in the synthesis of 1 mole of acompound from its elements, with all substances in their standardstates at 25*C, is called _________.

3. What is a valid unit for specific heat?

4. Use Hess's Law to find the heat of reaction in the examplebelow.

N2O4 (g) ----> 2NO2 (g)

Given that:

N2O4 (g) ----> N2 (g) + 2O2 (g) (Delta H =-9.7kJ)

2NO2 (g) ----> 2O2(g) + N2(g) ( Delta H= -67.7kJ)

5. Use Hess's Law to find the heat of reaction in the examplebelow. (Example doesn't exist btw.)

6. (Delta H) for the formation of rust (Fe2O3) is -826 kJ/mol. Howmuch energy is involved in the formation of 5 grams ofrust?

7. How many kilocalories of heat are required to raise thetemperature of 50g of aluminum from -5*C to 35*C? (Specific heat ofAluminum = 0.21 cal/g*C)

8.Calculate the (Delta H) for this reaction:

Zn(s) + Cu (2+ ion)(aq) ---> Zn(2+) + Cu(s)

(Delta H) for Cu(2+) = +64.4 kJ/Mol; (Delta H) for Zn(2+) = -152.4kJ/mol

9. The following equation shows the reaction that occurs whennitroglycerine explodes.

4C3H5O9N3 ----> 12CO2 + 6N2 + O2 +10H2O + 1725 Kcal

Is this reaction exothermic , endothermic, a combustion reaction ,or a combination reaction?

10. What does it mean for ammonia, (NH3) to have a (Delta H f) =-46 kJ/mol?

(for example: Define heat of formation. What does a negative heatof formation mean? what do the units of kJ/mol mean?)

11. What is the maximum amount of KCl that can dissolve in 500g ofwater?

(solubility of KCl is 34 g/ 100g of water at 20*C)

12.List the ways(operations) that can help make a substancedissolve faster in a solvent?

13. If a crystal added to an aqueous solution causes many particlesto come out of solution, the original solution was (saturate,unsaturated, supersaturated).

14. What is the number of moles of solute in 165 mL of a 0.82 Msolution?

15. What mass of NaCl is needed to make 350 mL of a 1.00 Msolution?

16. Colligative properties depend upon...

17. If one mole of each of these solutes in added to the sameamount of water, which solution has the highest boiling point?(glucose, aluminum sulfate, magnesium acetate, copper (I)chloride)

18. When an acid reacts with a base, what compounds areformed?

19. If the [H+] in a solution is 1x10^(-13) mol/L, what is the[OH-]?

20. If the [OH-] = 1x10^-6 mol/L, what is the pH of thesolution?

21. For a solution to be considered acidic what must be thehydrogen-ion concentration?

22. Which of the following represents a Bronsted-Lowry conjugateacid-base pair?

a) SO3(2-) and SO2 b) CO3(2-) and CO c) H3O and H2 d) NH4(+) and NH3

23. With solutions of "strong" acids and "strong" bases, the word"strong" refers to ...

24. What are the products of Al(OH)3 + H2CO3?

25.What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid if 5.0 mL of acidis neutralized by 30.0 mL of 2.00M sodium hydroxide.

26. At equilibrium, what is the rate of production of reactantscompared with the rate of production of products?

27. What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction2SO3 ---> 2SO2 + O2

28. How does an increase in pressure affect the following reaction?2SO3 (g) --> 2SO2(g) +O2(g)

29.What stresses would shift the reaction to the right?

2SO3(g) ==> 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

30. The Keq of a reaction 4.9 x 10^(-7). Are products or reactantsfavored at equilibrium?

31. In which of these systems is the entropy decreasing?

a) air escaping from a tire b) snow melting c) a gas condensing d) salt dissolving inwater

32. If an atom is reduced in a redox reaction, what must occur toanother atom in the system?

33. Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2Na + S---> Na2S

34. What are transferred in an oxidation -reductionreaction?

35. Give the oxidation number for each atom in KMnO4.

36. Which atom has a change in oxidation number of +4 in thefollowing reaction?

K2Cr2O7 + H2O + S ----> KOH + Cr2O3 +SO2

37. What is the oxidation number of sulfur in each of the following:

a. SO3 c.SO2(2-)

b. Na2SO4 d. S2O4 (2-)

38.Fe(3+) ----> Fe represents oxidation, reduction, orhydrolysis?

39. When the half reactions Br2+ 2e- -----> 2Br- and Na---->e- + Na(+) are combined the balanced redox equation is_____________________ ( WRITE the BALANCED REDOX eq)

40. To balance the oxygen and hydrogen for a redox reaction thattakes place in basic solution, it is necessary to use whichsubstance?

41. What particle completes this nuclear equation? 55/25 Mn + 2/1 H====> _____ +2 1/0 n

42. The half-life of tungsten-182 (182/74 W) is 1.1x10^(17) years.How long would it take for a 376.2 kg sample to decay until only123.0 grams remain?

43. After 3 days, the quantity of certain radioisotope is reducedfrom 13.6 grams to 1.9 grams. Calculate the half-life of theisotope.

44. What is the name of the compound having the formulaC8H18.

45. What is the name of the following compound:

CH3---CH2----CH---CH2--C

I \

CH3 OH

46. What is an isomer? Give an isomer of hexane (C6H14) and drawit's structure.

47. What is the name of the hydrocarbons with double covalentbonds?

48. Draw the stucture for 3-methylbutanoic acid.

49. Draw the structure for methylbenzene?

50. What is the name of the following compound:

CH3----C-----CH3

CH3

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CHEM 1A03 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Drain Cleaner, Window Cleaner, Stoichiometry

CHEM 1A03 Full Course Notes

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