PSYC 403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 15: Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Cognitive Neuroscience
13 May 2018
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Cognitive Neuroscience Basis of CBT:
• The brain
o Prefrontal cortex-> higher level thinking
o Anterior cingulate cortex-> connects areas
o Hippocampus-> memory, emotional memory
o Amygdala-> fight or flight response
o Orbitofrontal cortex-> region involved in reward
o Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-> more complicated functions
• Cognitive Model of Depression
o Biased attention<-> biased processing <-> biased memory
o Early adverse events contribute to latent depressive schemas
o Schemas, once activated by stressors, relate to several information processing
biases
▪ Selective attention to mood-congruent stimuli
▪ Biased processing of negative stimuli
▪ Selective memory for negative over positive material
• Remember bad things that happened, that you did
▪ Inability to disengage from negative material
• Thought to lead to depressive rumination
• Cognitive neuroscience of depression
o Biased attention
▪ Non-depressed individuals have biased attention towards positive
stiuli, hereas those ith depressio do’t sho this ias ad/or hae
a bias towards sad stimuli
• Normally we look for good stuff in our environment, positive
things about our self
▪ Individuals with depression direct attention to negative stimuli and then
have trouble disengaging/ switching attention
• Mediate by cortical structures such as ventrolateral prefrontal
cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior parietal cortex
▪ Deficient inhibition likely contributes to impaired disengagement
• Mediated by anterior cingulate cortex
• That area brings together areas of the brain
• Not functioning as well in terms of bringing your attention
elsewhere
o Biased processing
▪ Amygdala activity to negative stimuli in those with depression is more
intense and long-lasting
• Stronger bottom-up signal from lower hierarchy regions
• Feel the intensity of the negative emotion longer
• Usually those emotions naturally go away
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