PSYC 311 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Postcentral Gyrus, Putamen, Claustrum
8 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Tuesday, May 9th, 2017
1
PSYC 311:
Week 2 Lecture 5: Language
Regarding to Reading:
- Fo the fist thee eadigs: do’t fous o the stuff that is ot etioed i lass
- Readings for this week:
o Petrides, N. Historical Background. In: Petrides, M. Neuroanatomy of Language
Regions of the Human Brain.
o Geschwind ( language area)
Language- Aphasia:
- Aphasia: problem with language
Pierre Paul Broca:
- Boa’s disoe i 1861 is osideed to e the irth of neuropsychology. i.e. first
evidence of specific brain damage causing a specific impairment (in humans)
- Broca met a patient who had had a stroke. This patient could understand reasonably
well, however, this patient could barely speak. When he did, he often responded with
Ta… Ta
- He thus became known as Patient Tan
- Patiet did’t suie uh loge afte
- Broca obtained the brain to perform an autopsy and
located the damaged area to the left posterior inferior
frontal gyrus
- Brought the results to the anthropological society of Paris
- The aea eae ko as Boa’s aea
1. Boa’s aphasia
- Speech articulation problems with loss of syntax
o Doesn't make grammatical sense
- Reasoale opehesio
o They have some comprehension problem when listening to speech
- We soon discovered that written word is just as bad as speech production
o They have trouble getting sentence out in grammatical structure
- Can even see this aphasia with sign language
- Old tes ee epessie aphasia o oto aphasia o ateio aphasia
- Patient Tan is an extreme case
2. Weike’s aphasia
- 1874, Wernicke, a physician in Germany, noticed that patients who had difficulty
understanding spoken language had lesions to the left posterior superior temporal lobe
- syntax is in order, but a’t udestad hat the ae saig
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Tuesday, May 9th, 2017
2
- such patients can speak fast and fluently but their speech doesn't make sense. The
problem seems to be a lack of semantics:
o I as oe i the othe oe, ad the afte the had ee i the depatet, I
was in this oe
- We now know that these patients have similar problems with written word
- Old tes ae alled eeptie aphasia o posteio aphasia
Summary of clinical symptoms:
Boa’s Aphasia
- Difficult in production
- Non- fluent speech (disrupted)
- Effortful
- Dysprosodic (prosody= melody,
emphasis): monotone
- Agrammatism (loss of syntax)
- Comprehension reasonable
- Applies to written word as well
- Patients know they are struggling
getting the words out
Weike’s aphasia
- Difficulty in comprehension
- Prosodic, fluent, effortless speech
- Often faster speech than normal
- Make up new works-> neologisms
- Applies to written word as well
- Therefore, the actual production of
laguage is fie, ut it o’t make
sense (loss of semantics)
- Awareness of the problem varies
among patients
- Clip is shown to demonstrate oa’s aphasia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew
- Clip is sho to deostate Weike’s aphasia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVhYN7NTIKU
- These are the clinical disorders
- The underlying anatomy is much more complicated
The inferior frontal gyrus:
- Both Pars triangularis and pars operaculous, some people also include pars orbitalis
- Pars operaculous: roughly BA 44
o Dysgranular -> layer IV is thin and disrupted
▪ Stars to emerge, you can see a little bit, ill-defined
- Pars traingularis: roughly BA 45
o Typical granular prefrontal cortex
o Large pyramidal neurons in layer Illc (layer 3 c: large pyramidal neurons at the
bottom of layer 3): not betz cells, like betz cells in motor cortex, but not as big)
- Pars orbitalis: roughly BA 47/12 (area 47 is quite a large area, we now refined the area
to 47/12
o Typical granular prefrontal cortex
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Fo(cid:396) the fi(cid:396)st th(cid:396)ee (cid:396)eadi(cid:374)gs: do(cid:374)"t fo(cid:272)us o(cid:374) the stuff that is (cid:374)ot (cid:373)e(cid:374)tio(cid:374)ed i(cid:374) (cid:272)lass. Readings for this week: petrides, n. historical background. Regions of the human brain: geschwind ( language area) B(cid:396)o(cid:272)a"s dis(cid:272)o(cid:448)e(cid:396)(cid:455) i(cid:374) 1861 is (cid:272)o(cid:374)side(cid:396)ed to (cid:271)e the (cid:271)irth of neuropsychology. i. e. first evidence of specific brain damage causing a specific impairment (in humans) Broca met a patient who had had a stroke. This patient could understand reasonably well, however, this patient could barely speak. When he did, he often responded with (cid:862)ta(cid:374) ta(cid:374)(cid:863) He thus became known as patient tan. Broca obtained the brain to perform an autopsy and located the damaged area to the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus. Brought the results to the anthropological society of paris. The a(cid:396)ea (cid:271)e(cid:272)a(cid:373)e k(cid:374)o(cid:449)(cid:374) as (cid:862) b(cid:396)o(cid:272)a"s a(cid:396)ea(cid:863: b(cid:396)o(cid:272)a"s aphasia. Speech articulation problems with loss of syntax: doesn"t make grammatical sense (cid:862)reaso(cid:374)a(cid:271)le(cid:863) (cid:272)o(cid:373)p(cid:396)ehe(cid:374)sio(cid:374, they have some comprehension problem when listening to speech.
