GEOG 216 Lecture Notes - Lecture 17: Textile Industry, Free Trade, Waves
15 May 2016
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Lecture 17: The geography of the industrial
revolution 10/17/2014 9:09:00 PM
OUTLINE
• Tracing the roots of manufacturing industries in developed
economies
• Five key features of the Industrial Revolution (IR)
• European context and how the IR spreads geographically across
different waves of industrialization in time
• Emphasis on how industrialization is articulated at the regional level
Waves of industrial revolution! (How it spread through)
Industrial revolution: FIVE key features.
• General time frame for IR: 1760 to WWI
• Characterized by:
o 1. Shift to large-scale production
▪ They are essentially replacement of numbers of small
scales productions. More and more factories are
emerging.
o 2. Technological innovations revolutionize production
▪ Transportation technology development. New
technologies, new innovations implemented to facilitate
large-scale production.
o 3. Penetration of new (overseas) markets
o 4. Development of new products (e.g. food processing) –
pasteurization, change the way household activities are done,
transportation → railway.
o 5. Institutional and organizational changes
▪ Banks, trade unions. Some unions catch up, some
didn’t. to facilitate capital laws, changes in government
regulations.
• Degree to which different regions in Europe ‘embrace’ these
features varies widely. Some regions are industrialized much more
rapidly than others. Clusters of industrial development in different
regions of Europe → articulated at the regional level.
THREE MAJOR WAVES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
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• 1st wave: Britain (1760-1850)
o Phase I: 1760-1790Implementations of New Technological
Innovations (textile industry in England)
o Phase II: 1790-1820Clusters developing
o Phase III: 1820-1850s UK innovation. – expansion of the
railway system in the UK.
• 2nd wave: Industrialization spreads to continental Europe (1850 to
mid-1870s) 3 of which are Belgium, France and Germany. –
shorter period of time. Frontier of industrialization is expanding to
continental European countries.
• 3rd wave: spreads to intermediate Europe (mid-1870s to 1914)
and North America - continuing diffusion of industrial revolution.
Frontier is still expanding… Italy , Scandinavian countries and etc.
The three waves expands the frontiers.
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1st WAVE, PHASE I OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: BRITAIN (1760-
1790)
Why Britain in the first place?
Free trade colonies, innovations that take place particularly in Britain, end of
the monarchy… Population is smaller than Germany and France. Math and
physics is much more developed in France. Germany has more sophisticated
schools. If it was all about science than we would see these innovations in
Germany and France.
France, Germany had a higher education compared to England. British kids
of the aristocrats were sent to Scotland for University. So why British? It’s
about political stability.
• 1. Favorable political and legal climate:
o end of monarchy – no monarchy over a 100 years
o no foreign invasions for centuries, spared from warfare
o 1707: political union of England and Scotland ĺ formation of
single economic entity. The key! Single political and economic
entity.
▪ No trade barriers => focus on economic development,
stable growth. Facilitating trade within the region.
o gov’t policy could essentially focus on private profit and
economic development.
• 2. Colonies ⇒ Britain accumulates wealth
• 3. Favorable geography, easy accessibility – quite a compact
country and has network of water canals → easy to transport b/w
the country. Shipping routes are vital to get natural resources into
the country.
o Issues for transportations.
• 4. Tradition of industrial employment (i.e. wage earning class; no
feudal privileges) ((Industrial organization and DoL)) – long history
of industrial employment, and a wage earning class.
o Workshop system – textile industry as an example.
Households across the British landscape farms and etc. they
produce textile clothes. And then traveling sales person
collecting all of these goods produced by households. No large
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Document Summary
Lecture 17: the geography of the industrial revolution. Waves of industrial revolution! (how it spread through) Industrial revolution: five key features: general time frame for ir: 1760 to wwi, characterized by, 1. Shift to large-scale production: they are essentially replacement of numbers of small scales productions. More and more factories are emerging: 2. Technological innovations revolutionize production: transportation technology development. New technologies, new innovations implemented to facilitate large-scale production: 3. Development of new products (e. g. food processing) pasteurization, change the way household activities are done, transportation railway: 5. Institutional and organizational changes: banks, trade unions. Some unions catch up, some didn"t. to facilitate capital laws, changes in government regulations: degree to which different regions in europe embrace" these features varies widely. Some regions are industrialized much more rapidly than others. Clusters of industrial development in different regions of europe articulated at the regional level. Three major waves of industrialization: 1st wave: britain (1760-1850, phase i: 1760-1790 implementations of new technological.
