10-400-13 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Arthur Andersen, Exogamy, Bourgeoisie
2Q: make sure to write enough
1: Mandatory case issue in Qc society (Media articles) give your opinion about the solution to that
issue should be (back your opinion by using the material from the whole12)-> not week1 but week2
Steps: 1. propose how to solve 2. Reason to propose this because everybody knows that…., how I link
it to solve that issue
2: choice between 2 questions: classic questions like we saw in midterm (second part of the course)
-giving clear concepts, clear words, expand not only list,
step1: give concept, step2: explain, step3: 3 give examples
Chapter 8: Women, work and management
A major source of inequality between men and women is the greater exclusion of women from
public economic and politic activity
The persistent tendency of many women to be relegated to domestic affairs leads to less income,
prestige and power
Women’s jobs typically pay less, offer less security and less authority
Employment equity policies requiring equal pay for work to help lessen gender inequalities
Social roles are the behaviors that are expected of people occupying social positions.
Women’s roles were those of wives and mothers. Men were providers and head of household.
Changes: Men were starting to become more involved in household maintenance and more women
were joining the paid labor force.
The three main arenas in Canadian society in which gender inequality is evident: the home, the labor
force and politics.
Gender stereotypes: children learn to define certain social behaviors as inherent in being male or
female (socially constructed)
Three implications: - Gender identities are not stable and fixed. It varies from one society to the next
- Gender identities need to be conform with the sex assigned to individuals at birth
- Gender identities and behaviors are not opposites.
Most people think that men and women are opposites. Ex: men described as very aggressive, women
as very emotional.
Dimensions of inequality: it does imply that, on average, compared with women, men have more
wealth, greater power.
- Power is the capacity to impose your will on other, to influence, manipulate, control
- Material well-being involves access to the economic resources (work-related earnings,
accumulated wealth)
- Prestige is the average evaluation of positions that are arranged in a hierarchy.
Social stratification: unequal ranking of groups in society
Feminism refers to the body of thought on the cause and nature of women’s disadvantages in society
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Liberal feminism assumes that human beings are rational and will correct inequalities when they
know about them. Liberalism assumes that a good society is one in which men and women enjoy
equal rights and opportunities
The two main ways to achieve gender equality:
- Removing gender stereotyping and discrimination in education and paid work
- Changing laws so that men and women have equal opportunities in the labor force and in
politics
Marxist feminists, women’s unpaid work in the home reproduces labor force. Capitalists benefits
because mothers raise children who will become future labourers. Marxist feminists believe that
gender equality is possible once socialism replaces capitalism. For them, the steps required to
decrease gender inequalities include government’s payment of equal salaries to people who do
equally valued work.
Multiracial feminism contributes to the understanding of gender inequality in 3 ways:
- Highlights differences among women in terms of gender inequality
- Points out that women of specific races and in certain class are in positions of power over
other groups of women
- Emphasizes that solutions to gender inequality vary according to the location
The power relations between men and women as those of male domination and female
subordination (Ex: droit de vote, denied women to quit work upon marriage, men bosses and women
are supervised by them)
In most cases of sexual harassment, it is the man who makes the sexual overtures (considered as
normal)
The public sphere was viewed as the domain of men (breadwinners, heads of households). The
woman is dependent to the person who hands over the money.
Devaluation of housework: just a housewife. The fact that women are now part of the public sphere
does not mean that gender equality exists. Their labor force participation rate (proportion of women
who work full-time for money) is still lower than men’s.
Increase in the participation because: - changes in Canada’s economy (jobs communication,
educational instruction, medical care) increased the demand for workers, decreased in the number
of children born (fertility decline), increases in the financial pressures on families (women’s
employment had been an important source of income for low-income families)
Women report spending less time than men pursuing hobbies and are more likely than men to report
feeling stressed because of lack of time. The domestic sphere and the public sphere intersect (ex:
sandwich generation: caring for children and older relatives)
The concentration of men is come occupations (managers, construction workers) and women in
others (social workers, nurses) is called the sex segregation of occupations.
When women supervise, they usually exercise authority over other women; only rarely do men have
a female superior.
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The glass ceiling effect: women face invisible barriers that prevent them from penetrating the highest
levels of organizations where power is concentrated.
The evaluation of skills occurs when such technical knowledge is considered more valuable than
knowledge about personal interactions.
Nonstandard work (part-time, limited term contract) is more common for women than men ->
provide less job security, lower pay and fewer benefits.
Factors that explain the gap between women and men’s pay:
- Gender differences in the characteristics that influence pay rates
- Gender differences in the type of work performed
- Discrimination
- Societal devaluation of women’s work
Inequality on the basis of color, ethnicity, birthplace and class:
- Women who are members of Aboriginal groups are more likely to be employed in low-skill
occupations.
- Foreign born women earn less on average than Canadian born.
- Women who are members of Aboriginal earn less per week than who are not members of
visible minority groups.
Not think of women as homogeneous group
The women’s movement is a social movement that takes action to improve the status of women.
Feminism is a part of it.
The efforts of women’s groups have been limited by:
- Many rely on governments for funding
- The approach found in many women’s organizations (not effective)
- The heterogeneity of women’s groups (not all agree on what should be done, diverse opinions)
Factors that changed the interaction between women’s groups and government: electoral success,
the federal government’s calls for economic restraint, the insatisfaction on concerns of white, middle
class women
Politics and political representation are the mechanisms that represent the interests of groups
(obtention du droit de vote, access to abortion, association of prevention of family violence)
Explanations for the underrepresentation of women in Canadian politics:
- Sex-role stereotypes
- Emphasis by arguing that the culture of politics is male
Representation by women for women: Do women understand, stand for and speak for other women,
including women of color, immigrant, poor, homeless, lesbians, and victims of spousal abuse?
Public policy refers to the statements made by governments, minimizes male domination, pay
policies, job-training programs, maternity)
To increase the percentage of women in Canadian politics:
- Afficher good intentions
- Reducing the economic barriers to winning nominations and running for office
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Document Summary
1: mandatory case issue in qc society (media articles) give your opinion about the solution to that issue should be (back your opinion by using the material from the whole12)-> not week1 but week2. Reason to propose this because everybody knows that . , how i link it to solve that issue. 2: choice between 2 questions: classic questions like we saw in midterm (second part of the course) Giving clear concepts, clear words, expand not only list, step1: give concept, step2: explain, step3: 3 give examples. A major source of inequality between men and women is the greater exclusion of women from public economic and politic activity. The persistent tendency of many women to be relegated to domestic affairs leads to less income, prestige and power. Women"s jobs typically pay less, offer less security and less authority. Employment equity policies requiring equal pay for work to help lessen gender inequalities.
