PSYC 440 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Shampoo, Pessimism, Neuroticism
27 Apr 2018
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PSYC 440
Lecture 13 – Rumination and Stress Generation
• Rumination
1. Definition:
a. Mode of responding to emotional distress involving repetitively and passively
focusing on:
- Symptoms of distress
- Possible causes and consequences of these negative emotional experiences
- Preventing active problem solving to change the circumstances surrounding
these symptoms
b. Example:
- Thinking about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better
- Analyzing recent events to try to understand why you are depressed
- Thinking:
i. Wh do I hae proles other people do’t hae?
ii. Wh a’t I hadle thigs etter?
iii. What a I doig to desere this?
2. Various aspects of rumination:
a. Brooding:
- Passively dwelling on negative aspects
b. Reflecting:
- Attempting to get more insight
3. Questionnaires:
a. Several questionnaires measuring rumination:
- Most well-known is the Response Style Questionnaire
4. Experimental Manipulation of Rumination:
a. Rumination induction:
- “eeral stateets e.g., thik aout hat people otie aout our
persoalit.
b. Distracting induction:
- Attention is focused on non-self-relevant iforatio e.g., thik aout a
ro of shapoo ottles o displa.
5. Correlates:
a. Psychological correlates:
- Rumination is correlated with:
i. Negative attributional style (i.e. internal, global, stable).
ii. Hopelessness
iii. Pessimism
iv. Self-criticism
v. Dependency
vi. Sociotrophy
vii. Neediness
viii. Neuroticism
ix. Depression:
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PSYC 440
Lecture 13 – Rumination and Stress Generation
Independently associated with depression after
adjusting/controlling for the above factors.
x. Health behaviors.
- Relationship with Depression and anxiety:
i. Study (longitudinal sample of 1300 adults):
Results:
Rumination predicted first episode of depression, but not
recurrence.
ii. Study ruiatio’s lik ith aiet ad depressio:
Results:
Rumination can be a mediator between stress and anxiety.
- Gender and rumination:
i. Women are more likely to engage in rumination than men:
Mediate gender differences in depression in some studies
- Erosion of social support resources:
i. Study:
Results:
Bereaved ruminators:
1) Were more likely to reach out for social support after their
loss.
2) Reported more social friction and less emotional support
from others
Discussion:
Ruminators report that friends and family become frustrated
with their continued need to talk about their loss and its
meaning for their lives many months after the loss
b. Cognitive correlates:
- Study (Rumination manipulation):
i. Results:
Rumination:
Diminishes concentration
Increases time required for reading and test tasks
Impairs work strategies and performance
Impairs memory
Impairs cognitive control (e.g., task switching)
Causes difficulty inhibiting negative information
c. Brain correlates:
- Study:
i. Results:
Rumination (brooding) correlates positively with resting state
brain activity in the so-called default mode network in individuals
with depression and in healthy controls (i.e. brain activity at rest is
higher when people ruminate).
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Document Summary
Lecture 13 rumination and stress generation: rumination, definition, mode of responding to emotional distress involving repetitively and passively focusing on: Possible causes and consequences of these negative emotional experiences. Preventing active problem solving to change the circumstances surrounding these symptoms: example: Thinking about a recent situation, wishing it had gone better. Analyzing recent events to try to understand why you are depressed. Thinking: (cid:862)wh(cid:455) do i ha(cid:448)e pro(cid:271)le(cid:373)s other people do(cid:374)"t ha(cid:448)e? (cid:863) (cid:862)wh(cid:455) (cid:272)a(cid:374)"t i ha(cid:374)dle thi(cid:374)gs (cid:271)etter? (cid:863) (cid:862)what a(cid:373) i doi(cid:374)g to deser(cid:448)e this? (cid:863: various aspects of rumination, brooding: Passively dwelling on negative aspects: reflecting: Attempting to get more insight: questionnaires, several questionnaires measuring rumination: Most well-known is the response style questionnaire: experimental manipulation of rumination, rumination induction: E(cid:448)eral state(cid:373)e(cid:374)ts (cid:894)e. g. , (cid:862)thi(cid:374)k a(cid:271)out (cid:449)hat people (cid:374)oti(cid:272)e a(cid:271)out (cid:455)our perso(cid:374)alit(cid:455)(cid:863)(cid:895): distracting induction: Attention is focused on non-self-relevant i(cid:374)for(cid:373)atio(cid:374) (cid:894)e. g. , (cid:862)thi(cid:374)k a(cid:271)out a ro(cid:449) of sha(cid:373)poo (cid:271)ottles o(cid:374) displa(cid:455)(cid:863)(cid:895): correlates, psychological correlates:
