KHA329 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Heritability, Grammatical Gender, Somatic Nervous System
1 Jul 2018
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Individual Differences week 11:
Cognitive, emotion, and personality:
Specific approach to individual differences: cognitive approaches to individual
differences
- Kelly and Ellis: conceptual nature of Cognitive Approaches
- Behaviour is determined primarily by a person’s attitudes, thoughts, and
feelings
oUnlike behaviours etc.
- Emphasize the conscious (no unconscious)
oLearning approaches: personality depends on the environment you
grew up in
oCognitive approach: no, you are an active player
oYou don’t need to be the product of what you’ve learned, or what has
happened to you previously
oWe have a choice:
Use these to make good decision
We have ability to over-ride things that happen with our
conscious thought
- Inner psychological processes are our conscious thoughts about ourselves,
other people, and situations that influence:
oHow we perceive the world
oHow we behave
- Future:
oWhat we anticipate or expect to happen in the future
oOriented toward the future
- Recognize the potential to change:
oWithin us
- George Kelly: approach
oDifferent to other theorists approach
oPeople behave as scientists:
oInnate need to understand our world, and we keep doing things that
might help this
Interpreting events in terms of your own theory
Why others are the way they are
oPersonal theories
oHypotheses:
Generate these to try and explain the events that we have seen
What is going on in these situations
oFocus observations on hypotheses:
Did they behave in the way you expected them to
Confirms hypothesis and more likely to apply this again
These observations we make are private:
Carry hypotheses around in our own world
The way we deal with these ideas is in terms of personal
perceptions
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Because we keep these things to ourselves, we often
don’t realize or understand that others’ personal
perceptions might be different to our own
Which is why we might not understand other people’s
behaviour
Use personal constructs to perceive these
oFits the scientific model:
- Personal constructs:
oAllows individual differences in personality to arise
oOur criteria for perceiving and interpreting events
oSource of personality and individual differences in behaviour
oGood thing:
Aren’t fixed, they are changeable
New obsevrations you make, new hypotheses you test
Thing turn out quite differently
Eg. Having a problem and talking about it with a friend, who
helps you see a different perspective. All of a sudden your ideas
change
Take on some of their ideas into your own personal construct
No such thing as a final construct, always open to change
Good because the world isn’t fixed
Can’t keep doing the same things over and over, you cant
expect things to change
Shift constructs in order to be able to engage in personal
development
Move toward a better state of personal being
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Modify and adapt personal constructs in order to deal with new
challenges
Active perspective
oKelly was a clinician:
Psychological problems: they are carrying a personal construct
that is no longer effective or applicable
Unhelpful
Therapist helps client to become aware of their faulty
constructs
And make them aware of the possibilities that may arise from
changing constructs
oThe fundamental postulate:
A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the
ways in which he anticipates events
Expectations, and what you think will happen
Anticipation is key
The future rather than the past that predicts what we are going
to do
As scientists we try ot forecast what is going to happen
Our goal is to understand the future and make predictions
oUnderstanding how someone interprets the world:
Ask them
Character sketch
Role playing
Eg. Role play the other person in a troublesome
relationship
oFundamental assessment tools:
A range of these
REP test: role construct repertory test
Now: how two of them are similar, and how they are different
to the other person
Fun-loving, friendly and intelligent
Stuck in their ways, not open or friendly to others they
don’t know
In actual test: do with 22 different people, and yourself
By seeing how people are similar and different to each other,
we become aware of the approaches we adopt to analyse this
Come up with the same kinds of things when evaluating
someone
Or a lot = a complex set of ideas that define your constructs
Appearance, personality based
Do you focus on the similarities or the differences
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Specific approach to individual differences: cognitive approaches to individual differences. Kelly and ellis: conceptual nature of cognitive approaches. Behaviour is determined primarily by a person"s attitudes, thoughts, and feelings: unlike behaviours etc. We have ability to over-ride things that happen with our conscious thought. Inner psychological processes are our conscious thoughts about ourselves, other people, and situations that influence: how we perceive the world, how we behave. Future: what we anticipate or expect to happen in the future, oriented toward the future. Recognize the potential to change: within us. George kelly: approach: different to other theorists approach, people behave as scientists, innate need to understand our world, and we keep doing things that might help this. Interpreting events in terms of your own theory. Why others are the way they are: personal theories, hypotheses: Generate these to try and explain the events that we have seen. What is going on in these situations: focus observations on hypotheses:
