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HUBS1403 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Protein Catabolism, Citric Acid Cycle, Transamination

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purplekoala395
18 May 2018
School
University of Newcastle
Department
Human Biosciences
Course
HUBS1403
Professor
karen mate

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Lecture'14'–'Cellular'Metabolism'2'
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1. What is an organic molecule?

2.Name three hydrocarbons and be able to draw their structural formulas.

3. What is an isomer? List and describe the three types (structural, geometric, and enantiomers).

4. Be able to recognize and describe the properties of these functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate groups.

5. What is a monosaccharide? Give two examples of these molecules and their functions.

6. Describe these chemical reactions: dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) and hydrolysis (rehydration).

7. What is a disaccharide? List two and give their functions.

8. What is a polysaccharide? List two storage forms and two structural forms. How are they formed and what is their specific function?

9. How do the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels?

10. What is molting and why is it necessary in certain animals?

11. What four molecules are bonded together to form a triglyceride or fat? Why are fats nonpolar? What are some functions of fats as well as other lipids such as oils and waxes?

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13. Why do animals store most of their excess glucose as fats or oils rather than as glycogen or protein? Give two reasons.

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17. What are four ways to either reduce high blood cholesterol or maintain a safe level?

18. What is the composition of an amino acid? Why would they be considered nonpolar, polar, acidic, or basic?

19. Define dipeptides and polypeptides.

20. Describe the primary structure of a protein. What type of bonding creates it?

21. What is the secondary structure of a protein? Name two types of secondary structure and indicate what type of bonding holds them together. List three fibrous proteins.

22. What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What types of bonds or chemical interactions allow a protein to maintain this structure? List three globular proteins.

23. What is the quaternary structure of a protein? Describe a hemoglobin molecule.

24. What are the subunits of nucleic acids and what is their composition? How are these subunits bonded together? What is DNS's basic shape?

25. List three differences between DNA and RNA.

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)
metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis
Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)
water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes
Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)
potential
reaction
initiation
activation
Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)
lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)
carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen
Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)
electrons, protons
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products, reactants
elements, atoms
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glucose
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starch
glycogen
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glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids
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glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain
Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)
glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain
Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)
Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).
Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)
membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane
Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)
cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria
Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport
Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)
nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton
Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport
Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)
cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
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lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.
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protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis
Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)
the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production
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prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)
metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis
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4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
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5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided
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homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity
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were killed whilepreparing the slide
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are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis
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half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.
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G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U