9882 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Complementizer, Adverbial Clause, Relative Clause
20 Jun 2018
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Week 6 lecture – (semantics) Linguistics for Educators
9882
Monday, 19 March 2018
Clause types and structure:
Statement: declarative structure
E.g. you are reading this (subject, verb, +object)
The boy kicked the ball.
Command: imperative structure
E.g. read this (undetstood subject: you)
Kick the ball.
Question: interrogative structure
E.g. are you reading this (subject-verb, inversion)
Did the boy kick the ball?
Yes/No questions - Is the dog barking? Are the birds singing?
The first verb in the group is moved to the front of the sentence,
before the subject, to differentiate a question clause and a command clause.
Formed with a question word - who, what ,when, where, why, how.
Negative clauses:
Formed with the negator not.
Like questions, negatives have to include an auxiliary:
He has not eaten (=hasn’t)
She is not going (=isn't)
Main verbs cannot be followed by a negator unless it Is an auxiliary:
I sae him *I saw not him (or *I saw him not)
He ran *he ran not.
If no auxiliary add the verb 'do'
I saw him -->I did not see him
He ran --> he did not run
Complement clauses:
Often introduced by a complementiser - that; whether.
Attached to a proceeding noun, adjective or verb.
That news that she was sick shocked us all. = noun complement clause.
In some cases the complementiser may be optionally omitted, e.g. I am sure she is coming =
I am sure that she is coming.
Kim said that she wanted to go home. [indirect quote]
Kim said, "I want to go home" [direct quote]
Relative clause
Introduced by a relative pronoun (usually)
Relative clause:
Dogs that like cats are very unusual.
The girl who answered the question had studied hard.
The man (whom) I saw was acting suspiciously.
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Document Summary
Week 6 lecture (semantics) linguistics for educators. E. g. you are reading this (subject, verb, +object) E. g. are you reading this (subject-verb, inversion) The first verb in the group is moved to the front of the sentence, before the subject, to differentiate a question clause and a command clause. Formed with a question word - who, what ,when, where, why, how. Like questions, negatives have to include an auxiliary: Main verbs cannot be followed by a negator unless it is an auxiliary: I sae him *i saw not him (or *i saw him not) If no auxiliary add the verb "do" I saw him -->i did not see him. He ran --> he did not run. Often introduced by a complementiser - that; whether. Attached to a proceeding noun, adjective or verb. That news that she was sick shocked us all. In some cases the complementiser may be optionally omitted, e. g. i am sure she is coming =
