7124 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Motivation, Band-Aid, Quasi
21 Jun 2018
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Lecture 4
Extrinsic motivation
- Quasi needs
oSituationally induced wants that create tense energy to engage in behaviour to
reduce built up tension
oDeficiency oriented
oWhat we lack, yet want, from the environment in a rather urgent way
oEg
Umbrella in rain
Bandaid for a cut
Secure job
-
oAction – achieve or avoid consequence
- External regulation of motivation: incentives, consequences and rewards
oBased on operant conditioning
oIncentives
Precede behaviour, create expectation, based on past learning
Attracts or repels a person from a course of action
Eg a nice vs bad smell
oConsequences
Follows behaviour
Reinforcers: “Do”
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Positive: inc action to get more of a desirable quality (eg smile)
Negative: inc action to get less of an undesirable quality (eg frown)
Punishers: stop
Dec action to avoid undesirable quality
oRewards
Any offering from one person to another person in exchange for his or her
service or achievement
- Reinforcer effectiveness
oDetermined by reinforcers
oQuality eg intensity, timing (delay), quality,
oImmediacy
oRecipients need for, and perceived value of reward (person/reinforcer fit)
Individual differences apparent
- Rewards
oHow do rewards work?
oDo they facilitate desirable behaviour>
oExtrinsic rewards enliven positive emotion and facilitates behaviour because they
signal opportunity for a personal gain
oWhen events take an unexpected turn for the better, then dopamine is released and
behavioural activation system (BAS) neural activation occurs, as the brain inherently
latches onto the environmental signal of the unexpected gain
- Any external event (rewards)
oControlling function
If you do X then you get Y
Decreases intrinsic motivation
Interferes with quality of learning
External regulation increases
Self regulation undermined
oInformational function
Because you were able to do X that means you are effective, competent
Increases intrinsic motivation
Enhances high quality learning
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oBecome interested in steps taken because they want to
learn and become competent
Enhances self regulation
- Do punishers work?
oDo they suppress undesirable behaviour?
oResearch shows that punishment is an ineffective motivational strategy, BUT
popular
oDoes facilitate behaviour compliance, but not always
oSide effects
Negative emotionality
Crying
Screaming
Feeling afraid
Impaired relationship
Between punisher and punishee
Negative modeling
Of how to cope with undesirable behaviour in others
oImmediate and long term consequences of spanking (corporal punishment)
Short term
Immediate compliance
Long term
Aggression
Anti social behaviuor
Poor mental health
Poor quality of relationship with parent
Victim of physical abuse
More likely to abuse own child
More likely to get a criminal record
- Hidden cost of rewards
oExtrinsic rewards can have unexpected, unintended and adverse effects on intrinsic
motivation, learning and self regulation
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Quasi needs: situationally induced wants that create tense energy to engage in behaviour to reduce built up tension, deficiency oriented, what we lack, yet want, from the environment in a rather urgent way, eg. Secure job: action achieve or avoid consequence. External regulation of motivation: incentives, consequences and rewards: based on operant conditioning, incentives. Precede behaviour, create expectation, based on past learning. Attracts or repels a person from a course of action. Eg a nice vs bad smell: consequences. Positive: inc action to get more of a desirable quality (eg smile) Negative: inc action to get less of an undesirable quality (eg frown) Dec action to avoid undesirable quality: rewards. Any offering from one person to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement. Reinforcer effectiveness: determined by reinforcers, quality eg intensity, timing (delay), quality, immediacy, recipients need for, and perceived value of reward (person/reinforcer fit)
