6529 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Stratified Squamous Epithelium, Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Cricoid Cartilage
19 Jun 2018
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Department
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Respiratory System
LO
1. Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway and describe the location, structure,
and function of each
2. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures
3. Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane and relate structure to function
4. Describe the structure and function of the lungs and pleurae
5. Relate Boye’s Law to the events of inspiration and expiration
6. Explain the role of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in the process of breathing
7. List several factors that influence pulmonary ventilation
8. Explain the various lung volumes and capacities and define dead space
9. Explain how atmospheric and alveolar air differs in composition
10. Describe how oxygen is transported in blood and explain how temperature, pH, BPG, and
PCO2 affect oxygen loading and unloading
11. Describe the neural controls of respiration
Respiratory anatomy
Consist of organs that link together tat exchange gasses from the atmosphere with blood.
Organs include: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung tissue.
2 distinct zones
Conducting zone – are conjunctures joining outside atmosphere to our respiratory zone. Transports
air in and out
Respiratory zone – actual exchange of gasses deep down in lungs.
Conducting zone anatomy
Nose/nasal cavity = The nose provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air,
filters and cleans inspired air, serves as a resonating chamber for speech and houses olfactory
receptors
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The nasal conchae= 3 bony structures and the spaces between them
are called meatuses and these structures help with moving the air
around making it warm and moistens. (Superior, middle, and inferior)
protrude medially from lateral walls increase mucosal area and
enhance air turbulence.
Paranasal sinuses= are mucus covered spaces in the skull that are used
to lighten the skull. Are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
maxillary bones. They lighten the skull; secrete mucus and help to warm and moisten air
Pharynx- The pharynx is a muscular tube that
connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx
and oesophagus. It is composed of skeletal
muscle and is divided into three regions.
1. Nasopharynx – Air only! Air passageway posterior to
nasal cavity that is lined with pseudostratified columnar
epithelium. The soft palate and uvula close the
nasopharynx during swallowing
2. Oropharynx - Passageway for food and air from level of
soft palate to epiglottis that is lined with stratified
squamous epithelium
3. Laryngopharynx - Passageway for food and air that is posterior to the upright epiglottis. It extends
to the larynx, where it is continuous with the oesophagus and is lined with stratified squamous
epithelium
Larynx - The larynx attaches to the hyoid bone; opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with
the trachea. It provides a route for air and food into proper channels and it houses the vocal folds. Is
the point where food goes down oesophagus and air
going down the trachea?
Voice box - Where we find our vocal folds are in the
larynx. They vibrate and produce sound when air is
moving down them.
There are nine cartilages that make up the larynx, all of
which are composed of hyaline cartilage except the
epiglottis:
- Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence
(Adam's apple)
- Ring-shaped cricoid cartilage
- Paired arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages
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- Epiglottis-elastic cartilage; covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing; covered in taste bud
containing mucosa. Covers trachea when we swallow a little hatch so food won’t go down
the trachea.
- Cricoid cartilage – aids in keeping the trachea open so air can flow
through.
Trachea – it extends from larynx right down to the primary bronchi. Is a
conjugate our windpipe and it can constrict (asthma) and we can dilate it
(happens when we exercise). It is flexible (allows us to move head in
different directions) it has elastic fibres and smooth muscle (gives it the
ability to constrict and dilate).
The trachea is a conduit from the larynx into mediastinum. The wall of the
trachea is composed of three layers of tissue:
- Mucosa-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
- Submucosa-connective tissue with seromucous glands
- Adventitia-outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage
- C shaped cartilage that
sits on anterior wall of
trachea – are c shaped so
we can constrict and
dilate.
Trachea sits on anterior surface
Oesophagus sits on posterior
side.
Carina – where our right and left bronchi branch. Still a conducting zone there is no gas exchange.
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Document Summary
Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway and describe the location, structure, and function of each. Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane and relate structure to function: describe the structure and function of the lungs and pleurae. Relate boye"s law to the events of inspiration and expiration. Explain the role of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in the process of breathing. Explain the various lung volumes and capacities and define dead space. Explain how atmospheric and alveolar air differs in composition: describe how oxygen is transported in blood and explain how temperature, ph, bpg, and. Pco2 affect oxygen loading and unloading: describe the neural controls of respiration. Consist of organs that link together tat exchange gasses from the atmosphere with blood. Organs include: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung tissue. Conducting zone are conjunctures joining outside atmosphere to our respiratory zone. Respiratory zone actual exchange of gasses deep down in lungs.
