PSYC1011 Lecture 13: Cognition and Memory - Retrieving Memory
Retrieving Memory
Encoding and retrieval
• To encode information in long term memory:
o Rehearse
o Elaborate
o Make the information personally relevant
• Effective retrieval and amnesia
Context and memory
• Context specificity
• Godden and Baddeley (1975)
o Manipulate context of retrieval and encoding
▪ Match between the place of learning and place of retrieval
o Extrinsic context
▪ Learn a word list on land or under water
▪ Tested on land or under water
▪ Half learn on a boat (dry), dive underwater and learn (wet)
▪ Tested in the same context performed well
▪ Tested in a different context - poor performance
▪ Learning in the same context would benefit recall
o Conclusion
▪ Better recall when training and test contexts match
▪ Forgetting often due to a context change between training and test
▪ 'state dependent learning'
• Retrieval cues - same feeling
• Changed context - lost retrieval cues
• State dependent learning
o Different contexts:
▪ The environment
▪ Mood / mental state
• Internal context
• Context dependent memory
• When you're sad, more likely to remember memories in sad states
▪ Drugs
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Encoding and retrieval: to encode information in long term memory, rehearse, elaborate, make the information personally relevant, effective retrieval and amnesia. Context and memory: context specificity, godden and baddeley (1975, manipulate context of retrieval and encoding, match between the place of learning and place of retrieval, extrinsic context. State dependent learning: different contexts, the environment, mood / mental state. Internal context: context dependent memory, when you"re sad, more likely to remember memories in sad states, drugs, two ways to test memory, recall. Free response test: write down the words you saw in the study list, not specific - no links, paired cues with the last experience. Specific retrieval cue: declarative memory, recall and recognition are measures of declarative memory, recognition easier than recall because test matches encoding, similar to context effects - memory is between when test conditions match encoding. Implicit memory: priming, makes the response more likely, activates that response.
