PSYC20007 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Connectionism, Graphical Model, Peptic Ulcer
10 May 2018
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Lecture 4
- Learning involves selective attention: not all of information is important for achieving a
particular goal; some cues available in any learning situation will be attention grabbing
nonetheless even though they are not valid/useful; trade off between salience and validity;
nature of selective attention determines the mental representations we form about the world
- Salience = attention grabbing
- In the pursuit of some goal, organisms must overcome initial fascination (attention) to salient
but irrelevant attributes
- Organisms must figure out what is relevant for achieving a particular goal
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- Waggle Dance: bee is trying to teach other bees in the hive where to go to find flowers: uses
particular communication which emphasises what direction bees should fly in and the duration
they should fly (length of waggle dance tells something about distance)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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- Four experimental effects which show us that attention is important for learning: trade-offs
between salience (attention grabbing) and validity (important), blocking, highlighting, learning
rules of different complexity
- Salience: how much does the cue grab your attention all other things being equal; in the
absence of validity, high salience cues will attract attention; low salience cues will not attract
attention; salience is largely determined by hard-wired visual properties or sensory properties
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- Salience is a property readily illustrated by pop-out visual search displays.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
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- Pose uig task: o ee tial sho a seies of ues aos → aos ed, gee
blue, purple, yellow); only one arrow will point to the direction of where the target is
goa appea at → afte ue appeas, thee ill e a light ad ou hae to pess utto
as soo as detet pesee of taget → if ou hoose ight ao to look at ad look at
the ight dietio, ou’ll e fast; ut if ou hoose the og ao ad look at the
opposite dietio, ou’ll hae to sith attetio fo the og loatio to the ight
location and it will be able to land how quickly you detect the target
- Four of the arrows will predict the correct location of the target with probability of 0.5
(no useful information)
- One of the arrows will be varied (over cross trials it will predict the location perfectly, if
it does that it might take a few trials and evetuall e’ll figue out hih ao ad ill
pa attetio to just that ao [alid ifoatio → atuall tellig us soethig useful
aout task e’e tig to do], a a that ifo also [does’t hae to e ., a e .
→ ill take loge to figure out])
- The sujet’s task is to lea hih of these ues atuall the oe e should pa
attention to in order to predict location of target
- Can vary not only validity of cue but also salience of cue
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
In the pursuit of some goal, organisms must overcome initial fascination (attention) to salient but irrelevant attributes. Organisms must figure out what is relevant for achieving a particular goal. Four experimental effects which show us that attention is important for learning: trade-offs between salience (attention grabbing) and validity (important), blocking, highlighting, learning rules of different complexity. Salience is a property readily illustrated by pop-out visual search displays. Four of the arrows will predict the correct location of the target with probability of 0. 5 (no useful information) The su(cid:271)je(cid:272)t"s task is to lea(cid:396)(cid:374) (cid:449)hi(cid:272)h of these (cid:272)ues a(cid:272)tuall(cid:455) the o(cid:374)e (cid:449)e should pa(cid:455) attention to in order to predict location of target. Can vary not only validity of cue but also salience of cue. Imagine task with o(cid:374)l(cid:455) t(cid:449)o a(cid:396)(cid:396)o(cid:449)s, diffe(cid:396) i(cid:374) p(cid:396)edi(cid:272)ti(cid:448)e (cid:448)alidit(cid:455) a(cid:374)d thei(cid:396) size (cid:894)salie(cid:374)(cid:272)e(cid:895) sometimes the same arrow (both valid and salient), sometimes valid but low salience. High salie(cid:374)(cid:272)e (cid:272)ue eas(cid:455) to see.
