PSYC20006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 11: Diencephalon, Endel Tulving, Basal Forebrain
10 May 2018
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Lecture 11
- Definition of memory: Matlin 1998 - maintaining information over time [emphasis on
maintenance of info as opposed to acquisition and retention and retrieval of info];
Ashcroft 1994 - the mental processes of acquiring and retaining information for later
retrieval
- Procedural/declarative memory → maps closely to syndromes of patients who have
memory dysfunction, derived from dissociable cognitive theories, tests developed to
test these theories
- Implicit/explicit memory → terms from research literature for normally functioning
memory systems, developed to explain the differences between peoples
performances on different types of tests, terms used to describe test performance
and test types rather than coming out of cognitive theory itself, set of memory tasks
(Graf & Schacter 1985), do not measure cognitive theory
- Cognitive theory makes certain predictions and those predictions can be tested
- In studies of amnesia procedural/declarative distinction is more meaningful
- Procedural memory: storage of skills and procedures; very important in motor
performance; supported by memory systems that are independent of hippocampal
formation; system we use to store skills and procedures, related to cerebellum [large
structure at base/back of head/brain], basal ganglia [set of nuclei in centre of brain,
not far from thalamus], motor cortical sites [independent medial temporal systems];
does not involve diencephalon, basal forebrain
- Declarative memory: accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences
[acquire information, could be emotional response to something, recollection of how
you responded to something ]; system is outcome of processing by various
processing systems, which feed the hippocampal formation (due to the relational
nature of hippocampal formation, declarative memory is relational, gives rise to
representational flexibility → interconnectedness between information is not through
genuine objective relationships between things, through relationships you can make
in own mind ) [relates two things or more together that were previously unrelated in
mind]; activation of declarative memory cause activation of related memories;
memory activations can be independent of environment
- Models of memory: 4 models: Serial models (Atkinson-Shiffrin Model, Levels of
Processing Model, Tulvings Model) [conceptualises encoding and maintenance and
retrieval of info as a serial process, information comes in → treated in some way →
moves along system], Parallel model (Parallel Distributed Processing Model)
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- Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968): info comes into sensory memory [very brief system
where info fades rapidly, comes in visual form (iconic sensory memory), comes in
auditory form (echoic sensory memory)], info that is attended to if it comes into
sensory memory, info that is not attended to in sensory memory is lost → moves into
working memory [contains both new info that youre attending to and info retrieved
from long term memory, active memory working state, limit = capacity is 7 items +/- 2
items (Millers info processing capacity limit)], forgetting can happen in working
memory system → information that is thought about and worked on can be encoded
into long term memory (bi-directional process so that you can actually retrieve it out
of long term memory), long term memory itself is reliant on rehearsal (so working
memory system would access items from long term memory and rehearse those
items and that way the items can be maintained) [long term memory is actually
constantly being modified and updated by current situation, because rehearsing,
adding, and changing in small ways, no objective reality, each person has own
perspective on what happened in the past, slowly gets modified as person rehearses
it more and more through their life]; movement of information through model is
dependent on level of attention that is given to the info and extent of maintenance of
that information via rehearsal
- Levels of processing model: by Craik and Lockhart 1972; info moves sequentially;
information retained according to level of processing it has undergone (shallow-deep
continuum, maintenance vs elaborative rehearsal); if process info in shallow way →
fragile memory trace; if process info in elaborate or more complex way → memory
trace will be more durable and will be retained [stay over time and become long term
memory]; type of rehearsal determines the level of processing that occurs;
maintenance rehearsal → repeat information over and over again without thinking
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about it (parroting it back repeatedly) → results in shallow level of processing;
elaborative rehearsal [taking info and putting it into semantic structure that already
exists in head by associating it with prior images and knowledge, thinking about how
it fits with all sorts of other pieces of info, thinking about its meaning and
interpretation] → deeper level of processing, able to retain that information
- Atkinson-Shiffrin model and levels of processing model derived from normally
functioning individuals
- Tulving’s Model of memory (1972, 1983, 2001); STM - LTM (cf. Atkinson-Shiffrin
model); LTM (procedural, episodic, semantic); derived from informational data of
studies from individuals with lesions [damage to memory systems]; procedural
memory [how to do something] and declarative memory [episodic - remembering or
recalling of events; semantic - knowledge of facts]
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- Parallel Distributing Processing model: memory is activation of connections in
different areas (distribution) simultaneously (parallel); pattern of activation →
memory/knowledge; learning (strength of connections between relevant sites is
changed); memory is about activations that are occurring at any one time between
different nodes; different memories represent different strengths of activation
between different nodes; all sorts of activations going on in parallel within brain,
memory structure/experience of memory is just variation in strengths of
association/connection between different nodes; pattern of activation that leads to
memory
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Document Summary
Definition of memory: matlin 1998 - maintaining information over time [emphasis on maintenance of info as opposed to acquisition and retention and retrieval of info]; Ashcroft 1994 - the mental processes of acquiring and retaining information for later retrieval. Procedural/declarative memory maps closely to syndromes of patients who have memory dysfunction, derived from dissociable cognitive theories, tests developed to test these theories. Cognitive theory makes certain predictions and those predictions can be tested. Procedural memory: storage of skills and procedures; very important in motor. Declarative memory: accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences. Models of memory: 4 models: serial models (atkinson-shiffrin model, levels of. Processing model, tulving(cid:3244)s model) [conceptualises encoding and maintenance and retrieval of info as a serial process, information comes in treated in some way moves along system], parallel model (parallel distributed processing model) Atkinson-shiffrin model and levels of processing model derived from normally functioning individuals. Tulving"s model of memory (1972, 1983, 2001); stm - ltm (cf.
