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BIOL108 Lecture Notes - Lecture 25: Polyp, Hydrothermal Vent, Mycorrhiza

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marooncaribou266

3 Aug 2018

School

Macquarie University

Department

Course

Professor

Michael Gillings

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Document Summary

17th of may 2018: lecture 29 - symbiosis: symbiosis, types of symbiotic associations and their relative benefits: Interaction between two organisms that either benefit or harm each other. Commensalism: one partner benefits, the other is unaffected. Parasitism: one partner benefits, the other is harmed. This particular type of fungi absorbs water for the plant and is the main organs of nutrient uptake in terrestrial ecosystems. A dense network of fungal hyphae extends out from the plant roots to explore the soil and gather nutrients for the plant. The fungus gains photosynthetic or fixed nitrogen, while the photosynthetic partner obtains water, nutrients and protection. The hoatzin is a large south american bird that eats leaves. It has a rumen like crop containing bacteria at similar concentrations to those found in ruminants. The bacteria digest the cellulose for the bird. Live on wood or in plant material but do not have the enzymes to digest cellulose.

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Related Questions

1.A mycologist visits your biology class and discusses herresearch on a particular fungus that lives on the bark of damagedspruce trees. She explains that the fungal hyphae of her researchorganism is heterokaryotic. You raise your hand and request thatshe define that word. Her correct response is

heterokaryotic means that thenuclei of the fungal hyphae are genetically the same.

heterokaryotic means that eachcompartment of the hyphae contain two distinct nuclei.

heterokaryotic means that thenuclei of each compartment of the hyphae are geneticallydistinct.

heterokaryotic means that each compartment of the hyphaecontains only one nucleus.

2. Select the true statements concerning reproduction ofbasidiomycetes. (Check all that apply.)

The adult forms of a typicalbasidiomycete consists of a mass of dikaryotic primarymycelia.

The secondary mycelia fuse to formprimary mycelia. The primary mycelia form the fruiting body.

The gills of an Amanitamushroom contains basidiospores.

Karyogamy produces a diploid zygotethat undergoes meiosis.

Meiosis produces basidiospores, and the fusion of spores fromdifferent mating strains produces the primary mycelium.

3. In the life cycle of a zygomycete, after the zygospore isformed, the next event will be

dikaryon formation.

karyogamy.

4. Why does champagne have bubbles?

CO₂ is used to makeglucose during respiration.

Yeast fermentation continues afterthe champagne is bottled.

Dead yeast cells releaseCO₂ into the bottles.

Yeast produce O₂ during aerobic respiration.

5. Many antibacterial antibiotics interfere with proteinsynthesis. Why would these not be a good target for antifungaldrugs?

Fungi can rapidly metabolizedrugs.

Fungi produce few proteins.

Chitin cell walls prevent uptake ofdrugs.

Human and fungal ribosomes areextremely similar to each other.

Fungi absorb proteins during decomposition of organicmatter.

6. Which molecule would be an indicator of fungal contaminationin a drug preparation?

Deoxyribose

7. Why can lichens live on bare rock?

UV radiation powers enzymes thatallow the fungus to extract organic material from itssurroundings.

The fungi are autotrophic.

The photosynthetic endosymbiontprovides the fungus with nutrition.

They absorb heat from the sun.

They secrete acids to liberate minerals from the bare rock.

8. What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified bymycorrhizal fungi?

Mutualism

9. In what way are bacteria and fungi similar?

Cell wall components

Ribosome structure

Design of the nucleus

Ecological function

10. he fungal group that is most closely related to ancestralfungi are the

Chytridomycota.

11.Select the INCORRECT statement(s) concerning reproduction ofthe mold Rhizopus.

Fungal hyphae are multinucleate andhaploid.

Meiosis comes immediately beforefertilization.

The germinating zygosporangiumcontains diploid nuclei.

Rhizopus exclusivelyreproduces asexually.

Zygospores are only produced after meiosis.

12. Primary mycelia contain twice as much DNA as secondarymycelia.

False

13.After severe floods homeowners often return home to find thewall of their homes covered in mold. How does mold survive on wetwallboard?

It eats the gypsum that makes upthe wallboard.

Spores from within the wallboardgerminate and start growing.

It uses the wallboard as asubstrate but extracts nutrients from the air.

It digests the cellulose in the paper backing.

14. Why is the term "fungal cell mitosis" not technicallyaccurate?

The septa between nuclei form priorto mitosis.

All of the mycelium undergoesmitosis at the same time.

All stages of mitosis occur withinthe nucleus.

The mitotic spindle spans across the perforations of thesepta.

15. Select the true statements regarding the lifecycles ofbasidiomycetes and ascomycetes. (Check all that apply.)

Basidiocarps and ascocarps arefunctionally equivalent.

Dikaryotic mycelia are the same asdiploid mycelia.

Ascogenic hyphae are functionallyequivalent to secondary mycelia.

Both basidiospores and ascospores are stored externally.

16. A division of fungi that lacks septa in their hyphae exceptwhen they form sporangia or gametangia is the

	ascomycetes.
	zygomycetes.
	chytridomycetes
	basidiomycetes. PLEASE HELP

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