BIOL1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hbb, Haemophilia, Chromosome

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29 May 2018

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Mendel genetics, Dominant disorders, blood groups

Mendel's observations were used as the first process to actually numerically analyse

inheritance

Not everyone will have the same trait but everybody will have teh same genes This is

showed in alleles as you may have defend traits on the gene thus having differences. One

will be dominant and one will be recessive. Everybody has a little finger but the aren't

always the same.

If 2 alternative forms of the gene are present, one is fully expressed (dominant) and the

other completely hidden (recessive).... This must BE DIPLOID! Not eh same for wheat. There

are two genes for teh one trait in humans as we are 2n

Pedigree trees...

If one ancestor has a recessive trait, they have 2 copy's of the bad allele.... ... If it skips a

generation it is thought that one person from the parents would have homozygous

dominant genes. Because the other parent had a recessive allele, all teh kids will be

heterozygous (you cant dodge it).... If the next generation then has kids, and teh kids are

effected teh genotype must be heterozygous... To be affected you have to have both of teh

bad traits and since neither parents were showing the bad gene... They must of had a good

and bad copy. To be effected you have to get both of teh bad genes this teh children have a

25% chance of being effected. (Mendels 3:1 ration) you can get 2 good, 1 bad 1 good, 1

good 1 bad and then 2 bad, so thus 25% chance of expressing teh bad gene.)

Dominant disorders in human:

Achondroplasia (a kind of dwarfism)

Huntingtin disease (a neurodegenerative disorder) even if your a heterozygote you are

going to show all of the features! Even if you have a good copy! The bad copy is dominant!

Most people who are Achondroplasia dwarf don't have parents with the disease?! Could be

caused by spontaneous mutation.

Huntington disease parents can now use genetic engineering to stop their kids form getting

the disease. Once you have it there is no cure but you can stop it before it even starts.

If you have Huntington disease in your family, generations are never skipped as it is

dominant!

Strange things with inheritance: Was medel wrong?

Snap dragons: They were red and white so wanted to cross it to see which is dominant, but

tis time they got pink!!! This wasn't meant to happen as his is blending inheritance!! 9white,

pink, red)

When the heterozygous pink plants were crossed there was 3 phenotypes, expressed

1:2:1... white, pink, red) ... This is what we call incomplete dominance. When teh two are

present you get a third phenotype. They aren't a mix of teh 2 phenotypes, red and white,

they are their own thing!

Human blood groups:

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Document Summary

Mendel"s observations were used as the first process to actually numerically analyse inheritance. Not everyone will have the same trait but everybody will have teh same genes this is showed in alleles as you may have defend traits on the gene thus having differences. One will be dominant and one will be recessive. Everybody has a little finger but the aren"t always the same. If 2 alternative forms of the gene are present, one is fully expressed (dominant) and the other completely hidden (recessive) There are two genes for teh one trait in humans as we are 2n. If one ancestor has a recessive trait, they have 2 copy"s of the bad allele If it skips a generation it is thought that one person from the parents would have homozygous dominant genes. Because the other parent had a recessive allele, all teh kids will be heterozygous (you cant dodge it)

Related Questions

QUESTION 1

Jim is blood type A, his brother John is type O and his sister Jane is type AB. What are the genotypes of their parents?

Which of the following is true for alleles that show incomplete dominance?

Heterozygotes have a genotype like the dominant allele.

Homozygotes have a genotype like the recessive allele.

Heterozygotes have a phenotype intermediate between the dominant and recessive alleles.

Homozygotes have the same phenotype as the heterozygotes.

QUESTION 3

Which principle of inheritance concluded that when games are formed in meiosis, the two alleles of each gene separate from one another, and each gamete receives only one allele?

independent assortment

Which term best describes a condition in which alleles at one locus can alter the expression of alleles at another locus?

polygenic inheritance

A single unit of genetic information located on a chromosome defines:

The physical expression (appearance or function) of an organism's genes defines:

genotype

a single characteristic

Palomino horses (golden color with a blond mane) are an incompletely dominant trait produced by the combination of the chestnut color allele and the cream color allele. If you wanted to produce as many palominos as possible, which mating strategy below would be the best choice?

Which term best describes the effect of a single gene on multiple aspects of the phenotype?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 9

Which term best describes the separate expression of both alleles for a single trait in the same cell?

polygenic inheritance

QUESTION 10

One form of a gene found on a single chromosome defines:

A chocolate lab (whose mother was a yellow lab) is mated with a black lab whose genotype is BbEe. What fraction of the offspring would be expected to be yellow labs?

What type of allele is always expressed regardless of whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous for it?

Both the dominant and recessive alleles

Given the parents AABBGgHhrr Ã AabbGgHhRr, assume simple dominance and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to have the genotype AaBbggHHrr?

___________________ is defined as having two of the same type of allele for a particular trait.

The physical position of an allele on a single chromosome defines:

Which term best describes two or more genes affecting the phenotype in an additive fashion?

codominance

polygenic inheritance

trouble with genetics problem that has several genes, I cant seem to set it up right.

In clown fish there is a gene that controls their preference for red or yellow sea anemones. Interestingly, the preference for red sea anemones is dominant in males but recessive in females. a third allele exists that gives the fish a preference green anemones that is recessive to all other known alleles in either sex.

The gene that controls the color of the clown fish is found on the X chromosome. There is an allele that causes the fish to have a lemon color, which is dominant to a ruby color. Both lemon and ruby are dominant to the white color allele. You notice that regardless for the genetics of preference; if the female fish is lemon she will always prefer the yellow sea anemone. Assume fish follow the sex determination as mammals.

a) What would be the phenotypic outsome of a:

Male cherry fish who prefers red anemones whose dad was homozygous ruby and has preference for green anemones.

Female lemon fish that prefers yellow anemones who has the same father as the male fish.

b) Explain how the genetic illustrated above have a fitness advantage for these fish.

emeraldweasel173

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL1003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Hbb, Haemophilia, Chromosome

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