BIOL125 Lecture Notes - Lecture 23: Leukocytosis, Fibrin, Pus
8 Jun 2018
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Department
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Professor
Blood
• 5.13. Structure and components of blood
o 5.13.1. blood cells
• Specialised fluid CT with cells (formed elements) plus proteins, solutes, gases
and wastes, suspended in plasma
• Other solutes include ions, nutrients e.g. amino acids, and organic wastes e.g.
urea
• Blood temperature 38 slightly higher than body temperature (37.2)
• Blood 5X as viscous as water i.e. 5X as thick, sticky as resistant to flow; high
viscosity from formed elements, proteins, dissolved solutes etc.
▪ Create friction on endothelium -> resistance to blood flow
• Adult male blood volume 5-6L, adult female blood volume 4-5L - difference
primarily due to body size
• Functions
▪ Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, proteins and
metabolic wastes
▪ Regulating pH and ion composition of ISF
▪ Restricting fluid loss at injury site
▪ Defending against toxins and pathogens
▪ Stabilising body temperature
• 5.13.1.1. proportion of each cell type in blood
▪ Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
▪ White blood cells (monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and
lymphocytes)
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• 5.13.1.2. where cells are formed
▪ Erythropoiesis
•
Generation of new erythrocytes in red bone marrow (myeloid
tissue) regulated by erythropoietin (EPO); thyroid hormone,
androgens and GH also needed
•
To produce RBC's bone marrow needs
• Amino acids
• Vitamins B6 and B12 (intrinsic factor needed to absorb
vitamin B12)
• Folic acid
• ATP
•
Erythroprotein produced by kidney and liver - increases response to
stimuli e.g. hypoxia, anaemia, blood flow to kidney drops; EPO
travels to red marrow
•
EPO: increases division in stem cells that produce erythroblasts and
erythroblasts themselves; and speeds up maturation of RBCs by
increasing Hb production rate
•
Increased EPO level indirectly increases haematocrit which increases
TPR (resistance to blood flow); workload on heart increases;
abnormally high EPO -> myocardial ischaemia and potential
myocardial infarct (MI) or heart attack
▪ WBC production
• From stem cells in bone marrow; erythrocytes, other WBCs
including B cells and NK cells stay in marrow to mature
• In children thymus large gland: thymus hormones needed for T
cell differentiation and maturation so T cells move to thymus - in
adults most T cells produced upon exposure to antigens
• Leukocytosis - excessive amounts of WBCs in circulation; minor
levels indicated infection, larger increase indicates cancer
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• Leukopenia - insufficient WBCs
o 5.13.2. plasma
• 5.13.2.1. key plasma proteins
▪ Mostly synthesised by liver (99%) i.e. albumins, globulins and fibrinogen
▪ 90+% is water , has dissolved solutes (ions, plasma proteins, nutrients,
gases, wastes)
▪ 99% of plasma proteins are albumins, globulins and fibrinogen; rest are
enzymes, hormones and prohormones
▪ Albumins (60% of plasma proteins) main contributor to blood colloid
osmotic pressure; transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones, some steroid
hormones
▪ Globulins (35%) include antibodies and proteins for transport of:
• Hormones e.g. thyroid binding globulin (provides reserve in
blood)
• Ions (stops excess loss at kidneys) e.g. Transferrin a
metalloprotein binding iron (Fe2+)
• Steroid hormones e.g. testosterone binding globulin
• Triglycerides and other lipids -> lipidproteins
▪ Fibrinogen functions in clotting (haemostasis)
• 5.14. Red blood cells (erythrocytes, RBCs)
o 5.14.1. structure
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Structure and components of blood: 5. 13. 1. blood cells. Functions: transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, proteins and metabolic wastes, regulating ph and ion composition of isf, restricting fluid loss at injury site, defending against toxins and pathogens. Tpr (resistance to blood flow); workload on heart increases; abnormally high epo -> myocardial ischaemia and potential myocardial infarct (mi) or heart attack: wbc production. From stem cells in bone marrow; erythrocytes, other wbcs including b cells and nk cells stay in marrow to mature. In children thymus large gland: thymus hormones needed for t cell differentiation and maturation so t cells move to thymus - in adults most t cells produced upon exposure to antigens. Leukocytosis - excessive amounts of wbcs in circulation; minor levels indicated infection, larger increase indicates cancer: 5. 13. 2. plasma. Ions (stops excess loss at kidneys) e. g. transferrin a metalloprotein binding iron (fe2+) Steroid hormones e. g. testosterone binding globulin: triglycerides and other lipids -> lipidproteins.
