GEOG 1HB3 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Malcom Mclean, Free Trade, Gross National Income

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Principle of least effort: considered a guiding principle in human activities; for human geographers, refers to minimizing distances and related movements. Time-space convergence: a decrease in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies. Innovations: introduction of new inventions or ideas, especially ones that lead to change in human behaviour or production processes. Transport systems change in response to 1) advances in technology and 2) various social and political factors. Water transport: inexpensive method of moving goods and people long distance, as there is minimal resistance to movement and because waterways are often available for use at no charge. Railway transport: second least expensive form of transport. Suitable for moving bulk materials when waterways are not available. Local topography can make railway construction expensive or impossible. Road transportation: accommodates a range of vehicles, typically less expensive than building railways, thus often favoured in regional planning.

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