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16 Jan 2022

Background and context

Invertebrates as well as vertebrates alike rely on the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of extracellular signalling molecules to regulate growth. It was shown that the TGF-1 family's earliest member, TGF-1, encouraged metastases, the spread as well as penetration of primary tumors, by inducing malignant phenotypes in many cultivated initial stage cancer cell lines of mammals.

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