Describe and review the range of available vectors you could employ to develop a vaccine for COVID-19.

If you want to develop a vaccine against HIV, what kind of antibody produced after immunization might be effective in blocking the HIV infection?

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

1. Is there a childhood vaccine against this microbe? Name the vaccine.

2. If so, when is it administered (the recommended schedule, including boosters)?

3. If the vaccine is not recommended during childhood, which at-risk group should get the vaccine, and when?

4. Describe the type of vaccine and how it works

5. If there is no vaccine available, list at least three measures that can be implemented to prevent transmission of this infection.

After roughly 15 years we have the first malaria vaccine going into phase 4 trials. Meanwhile a Zika vaccine is starting phase 2b trials, only 2-3 years after the first major outbreak in Brazil.

A) Discuss in some detail why it is so much more difficult to develop a vaccine for malaria than for e.g. the Zika or rubella virus. I am looking for at least 2 reasons, and a brief explanation of those reasons. Just stating that one is complex and the other simple is insufficient. If that is what you want to say, back it up with facts.

B) Both the CRISPR bacterial defense system and the adaptive immune system in mammals have means to recognize “signatures” of invading organisms. In what way are the two systems different?