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11 Nov 2019

Suppose you have a friend who is a sophomore majoring in physics. Explain the concept of spin correlation to her (this is is physical chemistry question relating to singlet and triplet states of complex atoms, specifically how the energy of a triplet is larger than that of its singlet counterpart, if I'm not mistaken)

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Hubert KochLv2

11 Nov 2019

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10. In this question, mean field theory will be used to derive the van der Waals equation. Consider a gas of interacting, indistinguishable particles. In principle, the potential energy from these interactions depends upon the positions of the particles so detailed structural information is needed to describe it. This is a difficult problem. However, we can take a much simpler, albeit approximate, approach by treating the interactions with a one-body energy term. The physical argument goes as follows. The interaction (potential) energies in principle will vary among microstates. However, we expect fluctuations to be small. Let's replace the exact potential U in the partition function with its average value (that is, the "mean field") eMF divided among the particles, and assume each particle has the same contribution regardless of its position. In other words, rather than considering the particles as interacting with each other (via a potential that depends upon particle positions) we treat them as interacting with the mean field (which is independent of particle positions and other particles). In this way, EMF becomes a one-body energy term that can be included in the usual non-interacting partition function as an additional energy contribution. That is, the interacting system is approximated by the non-interacting partition function with a one-body energy term approximating the particle interactions. With this mean-field approximation, the energy of our particles becomes E=E;deal + EMF , in which Eideal is the energy of a particle in an ideal gas. Since these energy contributions are independent, the particle partition function is q = qidealqMF . Normally, qideal would be the product of partition functions for translation, vibration, rota- tion, etc. but because the volume dependence will be important, let's write qidealc(T)V where c(T) includes all the constants and temperature dependencies arising from vibrations and rotations, and where the volume factor in the translational partition function has been explicitly accounted for. The remaining part of the translational partition function in included in c(T). In the present case though, we imagine the particles each occupy some volume b, so the "effective volume" of our system is V- Nb. In other words, take qideal cT)(V - Nb) We don't know the value of eMF but physical arguments suggest it must vary with the av- erage distance between particles, which in turn varies with density, N/V. So, let's suppose a linear dependence and write EMF =-aN/V with a some unknown constant. A minus sign is included here because it is anticipated EME will be negative (attractive interaction) so this will make a a positive number. This one energy is the same for each particle so 4 a) Derive the expression for the average pressure and show the system obeys the van der Waals equation of state. Note: as defined b is the volume per particle not per mole of particles as usually tabulated. Similarly, as defined a is per particle not per mole squared as usually tabulated. So, write Nb as nb, and aN2 as an2 if you want to use a and b as the usually tabulated molar values b) Show that the internal energy and heat capacity are given by an - - U ==ideal and Cv=CV,ideal, where Eideal and Cvideal are the internal energy and heat capacity for the ideal gas, respectively. Show that the first relation is consistent with (UaVTan2/V2, a relation derived from thermodynamics. Give a physical argument to explain why the van der Waals gas (an interacting system) could have the same Cv as the ideal gas (a non-interacting system)

Can someone explain the concepts of 3-12?

3- the boiling point if its nonpolar then the highest in mass, the stronger they are (if the are nonpolar). If they are polar then the smaller the radius and the larger charger the higher the boiling point. (if there is any information to add, please do so).

4- The Clasius Clapeyron equation is used, correct? If so, the equation would be ln(p2/1atm) = -38.56/8.314 x (1/348 - 1/351). For some reason though I am getting .99 at rather than .89

5- For enthlapy of Fusion is q = Enthlapy x moles. Because it is released, then it is exothermic which is negative. So 11.8/10 and being exothermic -1.18

6 and 7 I understand that. No need to explain

8- What equation is to calculate the lattice?

9 - Can you explain how the answer was picked? The options are not there but out of those options, it was (a) AI

10- For the band gap, the lower it goes down the periodic table, the lower the band gap (correct?)

11 - For this problem I have no idea which equation to use and I do not understand the problem.

12 - Same with this question as well.

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